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The effects of Cu content on the microstructure, texture, precipitates, and magnetic and mechanical properties of 0.20 mm-thick non-oriented silicon steel (3.0% Si-0.8% Al-0.5% Mn) were systematically investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The strengthening mechanisms of Cu-bearing high-strength non-oriented silicon steel were further elucidated. Increasing Cu content inhibited grain growth and suppressed the development of the α*-fiber texture in annealed sheets, while promoting the formation of γ-fiber texture. As a result, the P1.0/400 and B50 values deteriorated. The P1.0/400 and B50 values of 1.47% Cu non-oriented silicon steel were 13.930 W/kg and 1.614 T, respectively. However, due to the solid solution strengthening effect of 0.5% Cu and partial precipitation strengthening, the Rp0.2 increased by 43 MPa. After aging treatment at 550 °C for 20 min, the P1.0/400 values of the aged sheets slightly increased, while the B50 values remained almost unchanged. In the aged sheets containing 1.0–1.5% Cu, clustered Cu-rich precipitates with average sizes of 2.71 nm and 13.28 nm were observed. The crystal structure of these precipitates transitioned from the metastable B2-Cu to the stable FCC-Cu. These precipitates enhanced the Rp0.2 of the non-oriented electrical steel to 241 MPa and 269 MPa through cutting and bypass mechanisms, respectively. A high-strength non-oriented silicon steel with balanced magnetic and mechanical properties was developed for driving motors of new energy vehicles by utilizing nanoscale Cu-rich precipitates formed through aging treatment. The optimized steel exhibits a yield strength of 708 MPa, a magnetic induction B50 of 1.639 T, and high-frequency iron loss P1.0/400 of 14.77 W/kg.

The effects of trace Ce on the microstructure and texture of non-oriented silicon steel during recrystallization and grain growth were examined using X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. Additionally, this study focused on investigating the mechanisms by which trace Ce influences the evolution of the 114 and γ-fiber textures. During the recrystallization process, as the recrystallization fraction of annealed sheets increased, the intensity of α-fiber texture decreased, while the intensities of α*-fiber and γ-fiber textures increased. The 111 grains preferentially nucleated in the deformed γ-grains and their grain-boundary regions and tended to form a colony structure with a large amount of nucleation. In addition, the 100 and 114 grains mainly nucleated near the deformed α-grains, which were evenly distributed but found in relatively small quantities. The hindering effect of trace Ce on dislocation motion in cold-rolled sheets results in a 2–7% lower recrystallization ratio for the annealed sheets, compared to conventional annealed sheets. Trace Ce suppresses the nucleation and growth of γ-grains while creating opportunities for α*-grain nucleation. During grain growth, trace Ce reduces γ-grain-boundary migration rate in annealed sheets, providing growth space for 114 grains. Consequently, the content of the corresponding 114 texture increased by 6.4%, while the γ-fiber texture content decreased by 3.6%.

Fluorescent or luminescent labeling of biomolecules, as biosensors, with high sensitive and spatiotemporal resolution enable it an outstanding imaging technique for detecting and tracking biomolecular dynamics in many areas of life sciences and biomedical research. Ir(III) complex IrCN with solvent ligands could selectively recognize His via covalent attachment to the His imidazole group, and serve as a reaction-based “turn-on” fluorescent probe for the detection of His and His containing proteins. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was an essential glucose and lipid metabolic regulator and a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorder syndromes. In this study, a non-emissive cyclometalated Ir(III) solvent complex IrCN was synthesized for FGF21 protein labeling. Binding test showed that the optimal binding ratio of IrCN and FGF21 protein was 1:100 (W/W). The binding between IrCN and FGF21 protein was very rapid, and the reaction could be completed in 10 min. IrCN probe no longer bound to other proteins after it specifically bound to the FGF21 protein. Biocompatibility studies shown that IrCN exhibited low cytotoxicity and tissue toxicity when the concentration was not higher than 50 μg/mL. Whereas, high concentration of IrCN caused organ-specific toxicity, with notable effects observed in both the spleen and skeletal muscle. Cell imaging experiments showed that revealed that unbound IrCN exhibits significant potential as a versatile cytoplasmic labeling agent, while its protein-conjugated form demonstrates effective protein tracing capabilities in cellular systems. Functional validation experiments by quantitative analysis of FGF21-mediated downstream pathway markers demonstrated that IrCN labeling preserves the native biological activity of FGF21 protein. This study demonstrated that IrCN served as a highly sensitive and stable probe for cell imaging and protein fluorescent labeling applications, which established a solid foundation for further exploration of its potential applications in diverse areas of biomolecular research, particularly in protein tracking and live-cell imaging studies.

The effects of cold rolling reduction on the microstructure, recrystallization behavior, and magnetic properties of 3.0%Si-0.8%Al-0.3%Mn steel were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). With the reduction rates of 78%, 85% and 87% in the cold rolled sheet, the width of the deformation band becomes narrower, the number of intragranular shear bands decreases, and the proportion of grain boundaries increases. The intensity of the α and γ fibers texture in the cold rolled sheet is enhanced, and the annealed sheet is dominated by the γ fibers texture and the content increases from 26.0% to 34.5%. During the recrystallization process, the Goss and γ-grains nucleate first. The λ-grains nucleate mainly at the grain boundaries of the deformed α-grains, and the α-grains ultimately recrystallize. With the increase in the cold rolling reduction rate, the γ-grains develop into the main texture due to a large amount of nucleation at the deformation band and grain boundary. The λ-grains with a high mobility do not have a numerical advantage, and the increase in the texture content is very small. The content of the unfavorable γ fiber texture in the annealed sheet increases, the magnetic induction intensity B50 decreases, Pe and Pt decrease significantly, and the critical grain size with the lowest iron loss decreases from 136.2 to 109.4 μm.

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) plays a crucial role in both the removal of hydrogen peroxide and chloroplast development in response to light. To clarify the function of the APX gene family in oat (Avena sativa L.), we identified the family members and systematically analyzed their characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, promoter cis-elements, and expression patterns. Overall, 27 oat APX (AsAPX) members were identified in oat, and all encoded products had a peroxidase or peroxidase-like heptapeptide structure and motif. The genes were distributed unevenly across 15 chromosomes, with amino acid sequences ranging from 112 to 510 and molecular weights varying between 11.83 and 55.45 kDa. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that AsAPXs can be categorized into five branches, while an intra-group syntenic analysis identified 17 pairs of duplicate segments. Furthermore, 41 cis-element recognition sites were identified in the promoter regions of AsAPX genes, primarily comprising light-responsive and phytohormone-responsive elements. Moreover, qRT-PCR results indicated that AsAPX genes respond to light. Based on these results, our research establishes a foundation for exploration of AsAPX gene functionality and offers light-inducible candidate genes for chloroplast development to enhance A. sativa and improve crop production.

In this paper, the effect of rare earth Ce content on the morphology, composition, type and size distribution of inclusions in W350 non-oriented silicon steel was investigated by means of ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscope-energy Dispersive Spectrometer), and ASPEX (automated SEM/EDS inclusion analysis). The results showed that with the increase of Ce content in the steel, the modification sequence of inclusions was CeAlO3→Ce2O2S→CexSy. The type and size distribution of inclusions in the steel obviously changed with the difference in added Ce content. When the added Ce content in the steel was 10 ppm, 14 ppm, 20 ppm and 30 ppm respectively, the rare earth inclusions were mainly CeAlO3-Ce2O2S. Furthermore, when the added Ce content increased to 60 ppm, the rare earth inclusions were mainly Ce2O2S with a small amount of CeAlO3 contained in part inclusions. When the added Ce content increased continually to 95 ppm, the rare earth inclusions were mainly CexSy-Ce2O2S. The critical Ce content for the conversion between CeAlO3 and Ce2O2S was 41 ppm. To ensure that inclusions transform from CeAlO3 to Ce2O2S, the Ce content in the steel should be greater than 41 ppm. Under the current experimental conditions, it was found that when the Ce content was 20 ppm, the number density and proportion of inclusions in the steel were lower, and their average size was larger. When the added Ce content increased to 95 ppm, the number density of inclusions in the steel significantly increased, which deteriorated the steel cleanliness.

The cold-rolled non-oriented silicon steel sheets with a Si content of 2.4 wt.%, produced by continuous and reversible cold rolling, were used as the experimental material. The effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties were studied by optical microscopy, an X-ray diffractometer, and a magnetic property measuring instrument. The experimental results showed that the dominant texture components at the surface of both sheets were almost the same, i.e., α and γ fibers. After annealing at 920 °C for 30 s, a complete recrystallization occurred in both sheets. When annealing below 1070 °C, the average grain sizes of continuous cold-rolled sheets were slightly higher than those of reversible cold-rolled ones. Additionally, for all specimens, the recrystallization texture components were γ fiber, as well as weak α fiber, λ fiber, and Goss texture. Additionally, the difference was the texture intensity. The iron losses of the finished products of continuous cold rolling were lower than those of the finished products of reversible cold rolling with the increase in annealing temperature, and the magnetic induction was higher than that of the finished products of reversible cold rolling.

In order to study the effects of rare earth La–Ce alloying treatment on the characteristics of inclusions in non-oriented silicon steels, industrial experiments were conducted studying the composition, morphology, size and quantity of inclusions in W350 non-oriented silicon steel during the RH (Ruhrstahl-Hereaeus) refining process and tundish process, after rare earth treatment. The products were analyzed by means of ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry), and ASPEX (automated SEM/EDS inclusion analysis). The research results showed that the types of inclusions in experimental steel changed significantly after rare earth treatment. The types of inclusions after RE (rare earth) treatment are typically rare earth composite inclusions that are mainly composed of (La, Ce)Al2O3, and conventional inclusions. The addition of rare earth promotes the agglomeration of inclusions; the morphologies of the inclusions are mostly blocky, and some are distributed in long strips. After rare earth treatment during the RH refining process, the number of inclusions with sizes of 1.0~3.5 μm in the experimental steel is increased, and the average size of the inclusions is 2.66 μm. In addition, the number of inclusions larger than 4 μm in the specimens increases due to the collision and growth of inclusions caused by the RH circulation. After rare earth treatment during the tundish process, the number of micro inclusions with sizes of 1.0~2.5 μm in the specimen steels decreases, while the number of inclusions larger than 5 μm increases. The size distribution of micro inclusions in hot-rolled sheets after rare earth treatment was studied using TEM (transmission electron microscopy). In the specimens without rare earth, the content of micro inclusions (≤1 μm) is 51,458.2/mm2 and the average size is 0.388 μm. In the specimens with rare earth added, the content of micro inclusions (≤1 μm) is 24,230.2/mm2 and the average size is 0.427 μm. Compared to sheet produced by the original process, the iron loss of the 0.35 mm finished experimental sheet is reduced by 0.068 W/kg, and the magnetic induction is increased by 0.007 T. The iron loss of the 0.50 mm finished experimental sheet is reduced by 0.008 W/kg, and the magnetic induction is increased by 0.004 T. After rare earth treatment, the average size of micro inclusions increases and the magnetic properties are obviously improved.

To address the complexity of small or unique reconstruction distances in digital holography, we propose an inverse cross-correlation-based algorithm for the digital holographic imaging of multiplanar objects with a large depth of field. In this method, a planar output mapping is closely around the objects, and it is established by calculating the image inverse cross-correlation matrix of the reconstructed image at similar reconstruction distances, whereby the object edges serve as the result guide. Combining the search for edge planes with the depth estimation operator, the depth of field of digital holography is improved, thus allowing for a digital holography that is capable of meeting the requirements of the holographic imaging of multiplanar objects. Compared with the traditional depth estimation operator method, the proposed method solves the reconstruction ambiguity problem in multiple planes with a simple optical path, and no additional optical or mechanical devices need to be added, thus greatly improving the reconstruction quality. The numerical calculation results and the experimental results with multiplanar samples validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

At present, most wavefront sensing methods analyze the wavefront aberration from light intensity images taken in dark environments. However, in general conditions, these methods are limited due to the interference of various external light sources. In recent years, deep learning has achieved great success in the field of computer vision, and it has been widely used in the research of image classification and data fitting. Here, we apply deep learning algorithms to the interferometric system to detect wavefront under general conditions. This method can accurately extract the wavefront phase distribution and analyze aberrations, and it is verified by experiments that this method not only has higher measurement accuracy and faster calculation speed but also has good performance in the noisy environments.