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Abstract The Department of Environmental Quality (Department) is tasked with regulating livestock waste control facilities in the state of Nebraska. The purpose of the Livestock Waste Management Act, the primary enabling legislation behind Title 130, Livestock Waste Control Regulations, is to protect waters of the state from being negatively impacted by livestock waste. The Department oversees both the state Construction and Operating Permit program and the federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program via delegation by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Department seeks voluntary compliance from livestock producers and promotes engagement with the general public through educational outreach and the solicitation of public comments regarding permitting decisions. The Department faces a number of challenges in accomplishing these tasks including: public perceptions and misconceptions of the beneficial use of manure; a lack of understanding of the regulations that are in place and the requirements placed on the livestock industry; changes in production practices that have improved nutrient retention; and emerging practices that have yet to be addressed by current regulations.

The Department of Environmental Quality (Department) is tasked with regulating livestock waste control facilities in the state of Nebraska. The purpose of the Livestock Waste Management Act, the primary enabling legislation behind Title 130, Livestock Waste Control Regulations, is to protect waters of the state from being negatively impacted by livestock waste. The Department oversees both the state Construction and Operating Permit program and the federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program via delegation by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Department seeks voluntary compliance from livestock producers and promotes engagement with the general public through educational outreach and the solicitation of public comments regarding permitting decisions. The Department faces a number of challenges in accomplishing these tasks including: public perceptions and misconceptions of the beneficial use of manure; a lack of understanding of the regulations that are in place and the requirements placed on the livestock industry; changes in production practices that have improved nutrient retention; and emerging practices that have yet to be addressed by current regulations.

Carbon-normalized distribution coefficients (Koc) of organic solutes appear to increase as the amount of organic C in a system decreases. This study was conducted to determine the effect of fractional organic C content (foc) on the sorption of anthracene and pyrene. Batch-sorption experiments were conducted on reagent CaCO3, a geologic calcite, and a montmorillonite to measure anthracene and pyrene sorption. An organic C-free mineral surface and two surface loadings of humic acid (HA) were evaluated. The Koc of anthracene and pyrene varied with foc as well as with the underlying mineral surface. The sorption of anthracene and pyrene to all HA-mineral complexes increased with increases in foc, while Koc for the compounds decreased. In higher foc systems (3 X 10(-5)), isotherms were C-type curves indicative of partitioning. In lower systems (3 X 10(-5)), isotherms were commonly L and S-type curves indicative of adsorption and condensation. Sources of potential experimental artifact examined were loss of HA from the mineral surface to solution, dissolution of CaCO3 during the experiment, and loss of NOS to experimental glassware or volatilization. None were found to contribute to the observations made. Our results suggest that adsorption-condensation of pyrene and anthracene created more surface excess than predicted by partitioning alone as evidenced by the large experimental Koc values obtained

Compartment-specific Ras signaling is an emerging paradigm that may explain the multiplex outputs from a single GTPase. The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, affords a simple system in which to study Ras signaling because it has a single Ras protein, Ras1, that regulates two distinct pathways: one that controls mating through a Byr2-mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and one that signals through Scd1-Cdc42 to maintain elongated cell morphology. We generated Ras1 mutants that are restricted to either the endomembrane or the plasma membrane. Protein binding studies showed that each could interact with the effectors of both pathways. However, when examined in ras1 null cells, endomembrane-restricted Ras1 supported morphology but not mating, and, conversely, plasma membrane-restricted Rasl supported mating but did not signal to Scd1-Cdc42. These observations provide a striking demonstration of compartment-specific Ras signaling and indicate that spatial specificity in the Ras pathway is evolutionarily conserved.

In binary isotherms, pyrene and naphthalene sorption were enhanced by the presence of anthracene as a cosorbate. Sorption enhancement was observed at low fractional organic carbon content (foc) (3 X 10(-5)) and diminished as foc increased. The addition of cosolutes to low foc systems (3 X 10(-5)) appeared to aid the transition from adsorption/condensation type surface interactions to an interaction more like partitioning. It is postulated that observed sorption enhancement in higher foc systems (

Lidaconus palmettoensis n. gen. and sp. is a recently discovered fossil from the Lower Cambrian Harkless Formation (Bonnia–Olenellus Zone) in Esmeralda County, Nevada. The conoidal fossils were originally calcareous and have been replaced by silica. The cones are distinctive in their consistent morphology, the presence of weak annulations, and the lack of any internal structures such as septa, tabulae, or dissepiments. Because of the paucity of diagnostic characters due to the simple morphology and the lack of original microstructure, taxonomic affinities are uncertain.

A low-diversity shelly fauna occurs in the Deep Spring Formation of the White–Inyo Mountains of eastern California and in Esmeralda County, Nevada. Although poorly preserved, specimens can be recovered through acid digestion of the limestone matrix. The fauna is composed of three tubes of uncertain affinities and a hyolith. Nevadatubulus dunfeei n. gen. and sp., a distinctive, randomly curved and annulated tube, is abundant and far outnumbers the remaining three elements: Coleoloides inyoensis n. sp., Sinotubulites cienegensis McMenamin, and the hyolith Salanytheca sp. The original composition of the faunal elements appears to have been calcite or aragonite, but recrystallization has destroyed any ultrastructure. No phosphatic elements occur with the fauna nor have phosphatic fossils been recovered from the underlying Wyman and Reed Formations or the other members of the Deep Spring Formation. The fauna occurs 1,500 meters below the first trilobite body fossils and may be coeval with faunas from the basal Cambrian Tommotian Stage of the Siberian Platform. Wyattia, the only previously described pre-trilobite shelly fossil from the region, occurs in approximately the same stratigraphic interval but was not recovered in our samples.