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"Patel, Ami"
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Bioprocessing technology in food and health : potential applications and emerging scope
The functional foods market represents one of the fastest growing and most fascinating areas of investigation and innovation in the food sector. This new volume focuses on recent findings, new research trends, and emerging technologies in bioprocessing: making use of microorganisms in the production of food with health and nutritional benefits.
Book
Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance in the Shadow of COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a challenge for ongoing efforts to combat antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections. As we learn more about COVID-19 disease and drug stewardship evolves, there is likely to be a lasting impact of increased use of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, as well as a lack of consistent access to health care across many populations. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a challenge for ongoing efforts to combat antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections. As we learn more about COVID-19 disease and drug stewardship evolves, there is likely to be a lasting impact of increased use of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, as well as a lack of consistent access to health care across many populations. Sexually transmitted infections have been underreported during the pandemic and are often caused by some of the most drug-resistant pathogens. In their recent article in mBio , Parzych et al. (E. M. Parzych, S. Gulati, B. Zheng, M. A. Bah, et al., mBio 12:e00242-21, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00242-21 ) focus on protection against Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection via in vivo delivery of an antigonococcal DNA-encoded antibody that has been modified for increased complement activation. Nucleic acid approaches are highly adaptable and could be tremendously beneficial for personalized strategies to combat AMR pathogens.
Journal Article
Quantum theory of dark matter scattering
A
bstract
Dark matter self-scattering is one of key ingredients for small-scale structure of the Universe, while dark matter annihilation is important for the indirect measurements. There is a strong correlation between the velocity-dependent self-scattering cross section and the Sommerfeld enhancement factor for the dark matter annihilation cross section. In this study, we formulate a direct relation between them by the use of Watson’s (initial state/final state) theorem and Omnès solution, and our formulation reproduces the Sommerfeld enhancement factor, which directly computed by solving the Schrödinger equation, from the scattering phase shift.
Journal Article
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in children after recovery from symptomatic COVID-19 or MIS-C: a prospective study
Background
Cardiac evaluations, including cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and biomarker results, are needed in children during mid-term recovery after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The incidence of CMR abnormalities 1–3 months after recovery is over 50% in older adults and has ranged between 1 and 15% in college athletes. Abnormal cardiac biomarkers are common in adults, even during recovery.
Methods
We performed CMR imaging in a prospectively-recruited pediatric cohort recovered from COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We obtained CMR data and serum biomarkers. We compared these results to age-matched control patients, imaged prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Results
CMR was performed in 17 children (13.9 years, all ≤ 18 years) and 29 age-matched control patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cases were recruited with symptomatic COVID-19 (11/17, 65%) or MIS-C (6/17, 35%) and studied an average of 2 months after diagnosis. All COVID-19 patients had been symptomatic with fever (73%), vomiting/diarrhea (64%), or breathing difficulty (55%) during infection. Left ventricular and right ventricular ejection fractions were indistinguishable between cases and controls (p = 0.66 and 0.70, respectively). Mean native global T1, global T2 values and segmental T2 maximum values were also not statistically different from control patients (p ≥ 0.06 for each). NT-proBNP and troponin levels were normal in all children.
Conclusions
Children prospectively recruited following SARS-CoV-2 infection had normal CMR and cardiac biomarker evaluations during mid-term recovery.
Trial Registration
Not applicable.
Journal Article
Profile of inhaled levodopa and its potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: evidence to date
Inhaled levodopa is a newly emerging therapeutic option in the treatment of \"off \" symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Its mode of delivery offers more rapid absorption of levodopa and shorter onset of clinical benefit compared to oral formulations, and has been shown to be feasible for use in patients with PD experiencing worse motor function due to declining plasma levodopa levels. Clinical development of this compound is supported by preclinical, Phase I-III, long-term-safety studies and studies in special populations, including otherwise-healthy asthmatics and smokers. These investigations demonstrated that the drug is well tolerated without risk of long-term (up to 1 year) changes in pulmonary function or spirometry measures. The most common side effects among PD patients were a mild cough, upper respiratory tract infection, nausea, sputum discoloration, and dyskinesia. Inhaled levodopa offers a different administration method and side-effect profile from the currently available options for rescue therapy for Off periods in PD, though comparative studies have not been performed. The drug is presently under review by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Journal Article
In Vivo Delivery of Nucleic Acid-Encoded Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibody immunotherapy is revolutionizing modern medicine. The field has advanced dramatically over the past 40 years, driven in part by major advances in isolation and manufacturing technologies that have brought these important biologics to the forefront of modern medicine. However, the global uptake of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biologics is impeded by biophysical and biochemical liabilities, production limitations, the need for cold-chain storage and transport, as well as high costs of manufacturing and distribution. Some of these hurdles may be overcome through transient in vivo gene delivery platforms, such as non-viral synthetic plasmid DNA and messenger RNA vectors that are engineered to encode optimized mAb genes. These approaches turn the body into a biological factory for antibody production, eliminating many of the steps involved in bioprocesses and providing several other significant advantages, and differ from traditional gene therapy (permanent delivery) approaches. In this review, we focus on nucleic acid delivery of antibody employing synthetic plasmid DNA vector platforms, and RNA delivery, these being important approaches that are advancing simple, rapid, in vivo expression and having an impact in animal models of infectious diseases and cancer, among others.
Journal Article
Clinical Predictors of Subacute Myocardial Dysfunction in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) often involves a post-viral myocarditis and associated left ventricular dysfunction. We aimed to assess myocardial function by strain echocardiography after hospital discharge and to identify risk factors for subacute myocardial dysfunction. We conducted a retrospective single-center study of MIS-C patients admitted between 03/2020 and 03/2021. Global longitudinal strain (GLS), 4-chamber longitudinal strain (4C-LS), mid-ventricular circumferential strain (CS), and left atrial strain (LAS) were measured on echocardiograms performed 3–10 weeks after discharge and compared with controls. Among 60 MIS-C patients, hypotension (65%), ICU admission (57%), and vasopressor support (45%) were common, with no mortality. LVEF was abnormal (< 55%) in 29% during hospitalization but only 4% at follow-up. Follow-up strain abnormalities were prevalent (GLS abnormal in 13%, 4C-LS in 18%, CS in 16%, LAS in 5%). Hypotension, ICU admission, ICU and hospital length of stay, and any LVEF < 55% during hospitalization were factors associated with lower strain at follow-up. Higher peak C-reactive protein (CRP) was associated with hypotension, ICU admission, total ICU days, and with lower follow-up GLS (
r
= − 0.55;
p
= 0.01) and CS (
r
= 0.41;
p
= 0.02). Peak CRP < 18 mg/dL had negative predictive values of 100% and 88% for normal follow-up GLS and CS, respectively. A subset of MIS-C patients demonstrate subclinical systolic and diastolic function abnormalities at subacute follow-up. Peak CRP during hospitalization may be a useful marker for outpatient cardiac risk stratification. MIS-C patients with hypotension, ICU admission, any LVEF < 55% during hospitalization, or a peak CRP > 18 mg/dL may warrant closer monitoring than those without these risk factors.
Journal Article
Investigating the effect of addition of probiotic microorganisms (bacteria or yeast) to yoghurt on the viability and volatile aromatic profiles
Aroma compounds are key components of food, and the food industry places a high priority on the enhancement of these chemicals. Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB), Limosilactobacillus reuteri (LR), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5), Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB-12) and Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) were mixed starter cultures used in this study to improve the flavor of the yoghurt. To make the yoghurt, four starter mixtures were used, with the presence of the common yoghurt starter (CYS) as a control sample: CYS + LR, CYS + LA-5, CYS + BB-12, and CYS + SB. The pH, total acidity, and starter culture viability of yoghurt samples were then estimated over the course of 21 days of storage, while aroma compounds and sensory evaluation were determined on the first day of storage. The pH and total acidity of the yoghurt samples ranged between 4.2 and 4.5 and 0.84–0.93% on the first day to storage respectively, according to the results. The vaiable count of probioticbacteria were 8.1 (LR), 9.3 (LA-5), and 7.9 (BB-12) log CFU/g while it was 6.9 CFU/g for the probiotic yeast at the end of storage period. Furthermore, yoghurt samples contained a total of 47 volatile compounds. Esters and alcohols had the greatest impact on the formation of volatile compounds in fermentations containing various probiotic microorganisms and yoghurt starter. The mixture of aroma compounds produced therefore in the current study would be useful for selecting starter cultures that could serve as significant resources in the development of novel fermented milks.
Journal Article