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"Paterson, Jane"
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Identifying cognitive test scores associated with early tau burden in Alzheimer's disease
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to identify cognitive tests that optimally relate to tau positron emission tomography (PET) signal in the inferior temporal cortex (ITC), a neocortical region associated with early tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We analyzed cross‐sectional data from the harvard aging brain study (HABS) (n = 128) and the Anti‐Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's (A4) study (n = 393). We used elastic net regression to identify the most robust cognitive correlates of tau PET signal in the ITC. Secondary analyses examined whether the cognitive correlates remained significantly associated with tau after adjusting for structural brain measures. RESULTS Episodic memory measures, including both total and “process” scores, were the most robust correlates of ITC tau across both cohorts. These cognitive test scores remained significant after accounting for structural brain measures. DISCUSSION These findings highlight the potential of specific episodic memory test scores to detect and monitor neuropathological changes associated with early AD. Highlights Machine learning identified cognitive correlates of early Alzheimer's disease tau burden. Both traditional and process scores predicted early tau burden. Episodic memory scores were among the strongest correlates. Cognitive scores remained significant after accounting for structural brain measures.
Journal Article
Archaeology in practice
This much-enhanced new edition of the highly accessible guide to practical archaeology is a vital resource for students. It features the latest methodologies, a wealth of case studies from around the world, and contributions from leading specialists in archaeological materials analysis.
* New edition updated to include the latest archaeological methods, an enhanced focus on post-excavation analysis and new material including a dedicated chapter on analyzing human remains
* Covers the full range of current analytic methods, such as analysis of stone tools, human remains and absolute dating
* Features a user-friendly structure organized according to material types such as animal bones, ceramics and stone artifacts, as well as by thematic topics ranging from dating techniques to report writing, and ethical concerns.
* Accessible to archaeology students at all levels, with detailed references and extensive case studies featured throughout
eBook
Comparison of cervicovaginal fluid extracellular vesicles isolated from paired cervical brushes and vaginal swabs
Endometriosis is a common gynaecological condition, with a long diagnostic delay. Surgery is required to confirm a diagnosis, highlighting the need for a non‐invasive biomarker. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may have a role in endometriosis pathogenesis, yet there is limited EV biomarker literature available. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of isolating cervico‐vaginal fluid EVs sampled using cervical brushes and vaginal swabs and to compare these methods. After providing informed consent, patients undergoing surgery for suspected endometriosis had cervical brush and vaginal swab samples collected under general anaesthetic. Isolated EVs were characterised through negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting (TSG101, CD63, Calnexin, ApoB, Albumin), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), microBCA assays and RT‐qPCR of miRNAs. PCR was performed on samples prior to EV isolation to assess bacteria present in samples. Cervical brush and vaginal swab EVs were intact vesicles with limited co‐isolated contaminants. Cervical brushes had higher concentrations of particles compared to match vaginal swabs, although both samples had low concentrations. Protein and miRNA yield were similar between matched samples. PCR demonstrated only a small amount DNA within samples was bacterial (>0.5%). Cervico‐vaginal fluids EVs were successfully isolated from cervical brushes and vaginal swabs, demonstrating a new method of sampling reproductive EVs. EV yield from both sample types was low. Similar protein and miRNA levels suggest either sampling method may be suitable for biomarker studies.
Journal Article
Cardiovascular responses to heat and cold exposure are altered by preterm birth in guinea pigs
Adversity early in life can modify the trajectory for disease risk extending decades beyond the event. Preterm birth produces persistent cardiovascular alterations that may appear maladaptive in adulthood. We have previously hypothesized that those born preterm may exhibit cardiovascular vulnerability in the climate change context. Further, this vulnerability may be present as early as childhood. We aimed to identify the early signs of cardiovascular dysfunction at childhood‐equivalent age using our animal model of preterm birth. Using a whole‐body thermal stress test, guinea pigs aged 35‐d and 38‐d (equivalent to 8–10‐year‐old children) and born at term or preterm gestations were exposed to progressive hyper‐ (TC = 41.5°C) and hypo‐thermia (TC = 34°C; normothermia TC = 39°C). Comprehensive cardiovascular monitoring included ECG, blood pressure, microvascular perfusion, blood gas, and catecholamine profile, as well as skin and core body temperature. Preterm‐born animals exhibited attenuated vascular responses to hyperthermic stress, and a significant elevation in systolic blood pressure in response to hypothermic stress. Such responses are similar to those observed in elderly populations and indicate the presence of cardiovascular dysfunction. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of preterm birth on the cardiovascular response to both heat and cold stress. Further, this dysfunction has been observed at an earlier age than that achievable using traditional stress testing techniques. The present findings warrant further investigation.
Journal Article
Archaeology in practice
Archaeology in Practice: A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses offers students in archaeology laboratory courses a detailed and invaluable how-to manual of archaeological methods and provides insight into the breadth of modern archaeology.
* Written by specialists of material analyses, whose expertise represents a broad geographic range
* Includes numerous examples of applications of archaeological techniques
* Organized by material types, such as animal bones, ceramics, stone artifacts, and documentary sources, or by themes, such as dating, ethics, and report writing
* Written accessibly and amply referenced to provide readers with a guide to further resources on techniques and their applications
* Enlivened by a range of boxed case studies throughout the main text
eBook
BDNF Val66Met genotype, age at menopause, and physical activity synergistically influence cognition in postmenopausal women
Background Earlier age at menopause is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. Carriers of the Met allele of the Val66Met polymorphism show decreased levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is associated with worse cognitive outcomes. Previous research suggests that higher BDNF levels may help mitigate the cognitive deficits associated with estrogen depletion in postmenopausal women. Physical activity (PA) increases BDNF levels and might further counteract the effects of earlier menopause and/or Met allele carriage on cognitive outcomes. Despite these known associations, the combined influence of these factors remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether BDNF genotype, age at menopause, and PA interact to influence cognition in postmenopausal women. Method We used baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. BDNF Val66Met genotype was dichotomized as Met carriers (Met/Met or Met/Val) vs. non‐carriers (Val/Val). Age at menopause was self‐reported. PA was measured using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score. Global cognition was assessed with neuropsychological tests and quantified with a composite of standardized scores. Linear regression models were used to test independent and interactive associations of age at menopause, Met carriage, and PASE score on cognitive scores, adjusting for age, years of education, and testing language (English/French). Results We included N = 8,101 postmenopausal women (mean age=64.5±8.78 years, mean age at menopause=50.0±4.86 years, 33% Met carriers). In terms of independent effects, earlier menopause and lower PA were each associated with worse cognition (age at menopause: β = 0.070, p < .001; PA: β = 0.033, p = .001). However, Met carriage alone was not associated with cognition (β = 0.005, p = .81). Notably, there was a significant three‐way interaction between age at menopause, Met carriage, and PA on cognition. Specifically, greater PA levels attenuated the influence of earlier menopause on worse cognition in Met carriers, but not in non‐carriers (Figure 1; β = ‐0.048, p = .03). Sensitivity analysis adjusting for hormone therapy and vascular risk yielded similar results. Conclusion These findings suggest that age at menopause, BDNF genotype, and PA synergistically influence cognition in postmenopausal women. Staying physically active may be particularly beneficial for cognitive health in women with the Met allele and an earlier age at menopause.
Journal Article
Public Health
Earlier age at menopause is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. Carriers of the Met allele of the Val66Met polymorphism show decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is associated with worse cognitive outcomes. Previous research suggests that higher BDNF levels may help mitigate the cognitive deficits associated with estrogen depletion in postmenopausal women. Physical activity (PA) increases BDNF levels and might further counteract the effects of earlier menopause and/or Met allele carriage on cognitive outcomes. Despite these known associations, the combined influence of these factors remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether BDNF genotype, age at menopause, and PA interact to influence cognition in postmenopausal women.
We used baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. BDNF Val66Met genotype was dichotomized as Met carriers (Met/Met or Met/Val) vs. non-carriers (Val/Val). Age at menopause was self-reported. PA was measured using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score. Global cognition was assessed with neuropsychological tests and quantified with a composite of standardized scores. Linear regression models were used to test independent and interactive associations of age at menopause, Met carriage, and PASE score on cognitive scores, adjusting for age, years of education, and testing language (English/French).
We included N = 8,101 postmenopausal women (mean age=64.5±8.78 years, mean age at menopause=50.0±4.86 years, 33% Met carriers). In terms of independent effects, earlier menopause and lower PA were each associated with worse cognition (age at menopause: β = 0.070, p < .001; PA: β = 0.033, p = .001). However, Met carriage alone was not associated with cognition (β = 0.005, p = .81). Notably, there was a significant three-way interaction between age at menopause, Met carriage, and PA on cognition. Specifically, greater PA levels attenuated the influence of earlier menopause on worse cognition in Met carriers, but not in non-carriers (Figure 1; β = -0.048, p = .03). Sensitivity analysis adjusting for hormone therapy and vascular risk yielded similar results.
These findings suggest that age at menopause, BDNF genotype, and PA synergistically influence cognition in postmenopausal women. Staying physically active may be particularly beneficial for cognitive health in women with the Met allele and an earlier age at menopause.
Journal Article
Cognitive and Affective Elements of Practice Confidence in Social Work Students and Practitioners
Confidence has been identified as both a positive outcome of social work education and as a factor which in excess (defined as overconfidence) can lead to diagnostic error. This study sought to better understand the nature of professional confidence and investigate factors that might be associated with confidence in performance in a clinical interview among social work students and experienced social work practitioners. In this study, thirty-seven final-year Masters of Social Work (MSW) students and thirty-four experienced social workers who participated in two simulated interviews rated their confidence in their performance in the interviews and discussed their subjective views of the interview. Factors associated with confidence fell into three themes: emotional self-regulation; the acquisition and application of knowledge; and relational skills which are the intersection of knowledge and emotional regulation. Emotional regulation appears as a primary factor that differentiates high and low confidence as it affects participants' perceived ability to continue to draw upon knowledge and integrate client reactions into their assessment. Social work education that focuses on self-awareness and the regulation of emotional responses may contribute to increased abilities to manage high-anxiety clinical experiences.
Journal Article