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"Peng, Yong"
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الدفاع الوطني للصين
ظل موضوع الدفاع الوطني الصيني واحدا من الموضوعات التي حظيت باهتمام القارئ الأجنبي. وباعتبار الصين واحدة من البلدان الكبرى التي تتمتع بتنمية اقتصادية سريعة، فما هو الوضع الحالي لعملية تحديث الدفاع الوطني الصيني ؟ وما هي السياسات التي تعتمدها الصين تجاه قضايا الدفاع الوطني ؟ وما هي طرق تطوير الدفاع الوطني ؟ وما مدى مساهمته في السلام والاستقرار العالمي ؟ ويسعى كتاب (الدفاع الوطني الصيني) إلى البحث عن إجابات من خلال الواقع والوصول بالقارئ لمعرفة كل ما يتعلق بالدفاع الوطني الصيني.
Book
Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Ferroptosis
Reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) induced lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in cell death including apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. This fundamental and conserved mechanism is based on an excess of ROS which attacks biomembranes, propagates lipid peroxidation chain reactions, and subsequently induces different types of cell death. A highly evolved sophisticated antioxidant system exists that acts to protect the cells from oxidative damage. In this review, we discussed how ROS propagate lipid peroxidation chain reactions and how the products of lipid peroxidation initiate apoptosis and autophagy in current models. We also discussed the mechanism of lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis, and we summarized lipid peroxidation in pathological conditions of critical illness. We aim to bring a more global and integrative sight to know how different ROS-induced lipid peroxidation occurs among apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis.
Journal Article
Deep learning-based high-accuracy quantitation for lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration from MRI
To help doctors and patients evaluate lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) accurately and efficiently, we propose a segmentation network and a quantitation method for IVDD from T2MRI. A semantic segmentation network (BianqueNet) composed of three innovative modules achieves high-precision segmentation of IVDD-related regions. A quantitative method is used to calculate the signal intensity and geometric features of IVDD. Manual measurements have excellent agreement with automatic calculations, but the latter have better repeatability and efficiency. We investigate the relationship between IVDD parameters and demographic information (age, gender, position and IVDD grade) in a large population. Considering these parameters present strong correlation with IVDD grade, we establish a quantitative criterion for IVDD. This fully automated quantitation system for IVDD may provide more precise information for clinical practice, clinical trials, and mechanism investigation. It also would increase the number of patients that can be monitored.
Globally, as a major public health problem, low back pain has been the leading cause of disability worldwide for the past 30 years. Here, the authors propose a segmentation network and a quantitative method lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration assessment.
Journal Article
Exosomal noncoding RNAs in Glioma: biological functions and potential clinical applications
Gliomas are complex and heterogeneous brain tumors with poor prognosis. Glioma cells can communicate with their surroundings to create a tumor-permissive microenvironment. Exosomes represent a new means of intercellular communication by delivering various bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and participate in tumor initiation and progression. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNA, long-noncoding RNA, and circular RNA, account for a large portion of human transcriptome and play important roles in various pathophysiological processes, especially in cancers. In addition, ncRNAs can be selectively packaged, secreted and transferred between cells in exosomes and modulate numerous hallmarks of glioma, such as proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune-escape, and treatment resistance. Hence, the strategies of specifically targeting exosomal ncRNAs could be attractive therapeutic options. Exosomes are able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), and are readily accessible in nearly all types of human biofluids, which make them the promising biomarkers for gliomas. Additionally, given the biocompatibility of exosomes, they can be engineered to deliver therapeutic factors, such as RNA, proteins and drugs, to target cells for therapeutic applications. Here, we reviewed current research on the roles of exosomal ncRNAs in glioma progression. We also discussed their potential clinical applications as novel biomarkers and therapeutics.
Journal Article
PD‐L1 expression is mainly regulated by interferon gamma associated with JAK‐STAT pathway in gastric cancer
Despite multidisciplinary treatment for patients with advanced gastric cancer, their prognosis remains poor. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is urgently needed, and immunotherapy utilizing anti‐programmed death 1/‐programmed death ligand‐1 mAb is an attractive approach. However, as there is limited information on how programmed death ligand‐1 is upregulated on tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment, we examined the mechanism of programmed death ligand‐1 regulation with a particular focus on interferon gamma in an in vitro setting and in clinical samples. Our in vitro findings showed that interferon gamma upregulated programmed death ligand‐1 expression on solid tumor cells through the JAK‐signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, and impaired the cytotoxicity of tumor antigen‐specific CTL against tumor cells. Following treatment of cells with anti‐programmed death ligand‐1 mAb after interferon gamma‐pre‐treatment, the reduced anti‐tumor CTL activity by interferon gamma reached a higher level than the non‐treatment control targets. In contrast, programmed death ligand‐1 expression on tumor cells also significantly correlated with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition phenotype in a panel of solid tumor cells. In clinical gastric cancer samples, tumor membrane programmed death ligand‐1 expression significantly positively correlated with the presence of CD8‐positive T cells in the stroma and interferon gamma expression in the tumor. The results suggest that gastric cancer patients with high CD8‐positive T‐cell infiltration may be more responsive to anti‐programmed death 1/‐programmed death ligand‐1 mAb therapy. PD‐L1 levels significantly correlated with CD8 (stroma) levels (P = .018), but not with CD3 nor CD4 in tumor/stroma in gastric cancer. Furthermore, PD‐L1 levels also significantly positively correlated with tumor IFN‐γ levels. The results suggests that upregulation of PD‐L1 may result from increased IFN‐γ production by CTLs which migrate to the tumor during immune activation.
Journal Article
Targeting PI3K in cancer: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is one of the most important intracellular pathways, which can be considered as a master regulator for cancer. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to the development of drugs targeting PI3K signaling, many of which are currently employed in clinical trials evaluation, and it is becoming increasingly clear that PI3K inhibitors are effective in inhibiting tumor progression. PI3K inhibitors are subdivided into dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, pan-PI3K inhibitors and isoform-specific inhibitors. In this review, we performed a critical review to summarize the role of the PI3K pathway in tumor development, recent PI3K inhibitors development based on clinical trials, and the mechanisms of resistance to PI3K inhibition.
Journal Article
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in cancer therapy
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are engineered techniques for targeted protein degradation. A bifunctional PROTAC molecule with two covalently-linked ligands recruits target protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase together to trigger proteasomal degradation of target protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTAC has emerged as a promising approach for targeted therapy in various diseases, particularly in cancers. In this review, we introduce the principle and development of PROTAC technology, as well as the advantages of PROTACs over traditional anti-cancer therapies. Moreover, we summarize the application of PROTACs in targeting critical oncoproteins, provide the guidelines for the molecular design of PROTACs and discuss the challenges in the targeted degradation by PROTACs.
Journal Article
The role of long noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent subtype of primary liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC pathogenesis have not been fully understood. Emerging evidences have recently suggested the crucial role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Various HCC-related lncRNAs have been shown to possess aberrant expression and participate in cancerous phenotypes (e.g. persistent proliferation, evading apoptosis, accelerated vessel formation and gain of invasive capability) through their binding with DNA, RNA or proteins, or encoding small peptides. Thus, a deeper understanding of lncRNA dysregulation would provide new insights into HCC pathogenesis and novel tools for the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC. In this review, we summarize the dysregulation of lncRNAs expression in HCC and their tumor suppressive or oncogenic roles during HCC tumorigenesis. Moreover, we discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of lncRNAs in HCC.
Journal Article
The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs that function in regulation of gene expression. Compelling evidences have demonstrated that miRNA expression is dysregulated in human cancer through various mechanisms, including amplification or deletion of miRNA genes, abnormal transcriptional control of miRNAs, dysregulated epigenetic changes and defects in the miRNA biogenesis machinery. MiRNAs may function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors under certain conditions. The dysregulated miRNAs have been shown to affect the hallmarks of cancer, including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, activating invasion and metastasis, and inducing angiogenesis. An increasing number of studies have identified miRNAs as potential biomarkers for human cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets or tools, which needs further investigation and validation. In this review, we focus on how miRNAs regulate the development of human tumors by acting as tumor suppressors or oncogenes.
MicroRNA dysregulation in cancer: mechanisms and significance
A recent review on microRNAs in cancer highlights their potential as biomarkers for human cancer diagnosis and prognosis. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have well-established roles in the development and progression of cancer. MicroRNA dysregulation is observed in most human malignancies and contributes to many of the hallmarks of cancer, including sustained cell division, evasion of cell death, activation of metastasis and the development of new blood vessels. Yong Peng at Sichuan University in China and Carlo Croce at The Ohio State University in the USA review the mechanisms that lead to microRNA dysregulation and suggest that identifying the critical targets of microRNAs in cancer could accelerate the development of new treatment options. Moreover, microRNA expression profiling could be useful for detecting tumors and predicting clinical outcomes.
Journal Article
Highly stable coherent nanoprecipitates via diffusion-dominated solute uptake and interstitial ordering
Lightweight design strategies and advanced energy applications call for high-strength Al alloys that can serve in the 300‒400 °C temperature range. However, the present commercial high-strength Al alloys are limited to low-temperature applications of less than ~150 °C, because it is challenging to achieve coherent nanoprecipitates with both high thermal stability (preferentially associated with slow-diffusing solutes) and large volume fraction (mostly derived from high-solubility and fast-diffusing solutes). Here we demonstrate an interstitial solute stabilizing strategy to produce high-density, highly stable coherent nanoprecipitates (termed the V phase) in Sc-added Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloys, enabling the Al alloys to reach an unprecedented creep resistance as well as exceptional tensile strength (~100 MPa) at 400 °C. The formation of the V phase, assembling slow-diffusing Sc and fast-diffusing Cu atoms, is triggered by coherent ledge-aided in situ phase transformation, with diffusion-dominated Sc uptake and self-organization into the interstitial ordering of early-precipitated Ω phase. We envisage that the ledge-mediated interaction between slow- and fast-diffusing atoms may pave the way for the stabilization of coherent nanoprecipitates towards advanced 400 °C-level light alloys, which could be readily adapted to large-scale industrial production.High-density, highly stable coherent nanoprecipitates are created in Al alloys that enable high strength and creep resistance at 400 °C. This is realized via a growth-ledge-triggered in situ phase transformation assembling slow-diffusing solutes with high-solubility solutes into nanoprecipitates.
Journal Article