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Get better : 15 proven practices to build effective relationships at work
The Chief People Officer at FranklinCovey outlines anecdotal and practical recommendations for how organizations of any size or type can create a competitive advantage by building effective relationships.
BOOK
How Students Learn
How Students Learn: Science in the Classroom builds on the discoveries detailed in the best-selling How People Learn . Now these findings are presented in a way that teachers can use immediately, to revitalize their work in the classroom for even greater effectiveness.
Organized for utility, the book explores how the principles of learning can be applied in science at three levels: elementary, middle, and high school. Leading educators explain in detail how they developed successful curricula and teaching approaches, presenting strategies that serve as models for curriculum development and classroom instruction. Their recounting of personal teaching experiences lends strength and warmth to this volume.
This book discusses how to build straightforward science experiments into true understanding of scientific principles. It also features illustrated suggestions for classroom activities.
eBook
Meet the baker
Beginning readers get a look at the work that bakers do every day including mixing the batter and slicing the bread.
Book
Global prevalence of non-perennial rivers and streams
Flowing waters have a unique role in supporting global biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles and human societies(1-5). Although the importance of permanent watercourses is well recognized, the prevalence, value and fate of non-perennial rivers and streams that periodically cease to flow tend to be overlooked, if not ignored(6-8). This oversight contributes to the degradation of the main source of water and livelihood for millions of people(5). Here we predict that water ceases to flow for at least one day per year along 51-60 per cent of the world's rivers by length, demonstrating that non-perennial rivers and streams are the rule rather than the exception on Earth. Leveraging global information on the hydrology, climate, geology and surrounding land cover of the Earth's river network, we show that non-perennial rivers occur within all climates and biomes, and on every continent. Our findings challenge the assumptions underpinning foundational river concepts across scientific disciplines(9). To understand and adequately manage the world's flowing waters, their biodiversity and functional integrity, a paradigm shift is needed towards a new conceptual model of rivers that includes flow intermittence. By mapping the distribution of non-perennial rivers and streams, we provide a stepping-stone towards addressing this grand challenge in freshwater science.
Journal Article
Meet the teacher
In this book, beginning readers are introduced to a variety of teachers and the tools they use to help their students learn.
Book
Medicalising normality? Using a simulated dataset to assess the performance of different diagnostic criteria of HIV-associated cognitive impairment
The reported prevalence of cognitive impairment remains similar to that reported in the pre-antiretroviral therapy era. This may be partially artefactual due to the methods used to diagnose impairment. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (Frascati criteria) and global deficit score (GDS) methods in comparison to a new, multivariate method of diagnosis.
Using a simulated 'normative' dataset informed by real-world cognitive data from the observational Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in PeoPle Over fiftY (POPPY) cohort study, we evaluated the apparent prevalence of cognitive impairment using the Frascati and GDS definitions, as well as a novel multivariate method based on the Mahalanobis distance. We then quantified the diagnostic properties (including positive and negative predictive values and accuracy) of each method, using bootstrapping with 10,000 replicates, with a separate 'test' dataset to which a pre-defined proportion of 'impaired' individuals had been added.
The simulated normative dataset demonstrated that up to ~26% of a normative control population would be diagnosed with cognitive impairment with the Frascati criteria and ~20% with the GDS. In contrast, the multivariate Mahalanobis distance method identified impairment in ~5%. Using the test dataset, diagnostic accuracy [95% confidence intervals] and positive predictive value (PPV) was best for the multivariate method vs. Frascati and GDS (accuracy: 92.8% [90.3-95.2%] vs. 76.1% [72.1-80.0%] and 80.6% [76.6-84.5%] respectively; PPV: 61.2% [48.3-72.2%] vs. 29.4% [22.2-36.8%] and 33.9% [25.6-42.3%] respectively). Increasing the a priori false positive rate for the multivariate Mahalanobis distance method from 5% to 15% resulted in an increase in sensitivity from 77.4% (64.5-89.4%) to 92.2% (83.3-100%) at a cost of specificity from 94.5% (92.8-95.2%) to 85.0% (81.2-88.5%).
Our simulations suggest that the commonly used diagnostic criteria of HIV-associated cognitive impairment label a significant proportion of a normative reference population as cognitively impaired, which will likely lead to a substantial over-estimate of the true proportion in a study population, due to their lower than expected specificity. These findings have important implications for clinical research regarding cognitive health in people living with HIV. More accurate methods of diagnosis should be implemented, with multivariate techniques offering a promising solution.
Journal Article
Oxidative cleavage of polysaccharides by monocopper enzymes depends on H2O2
Enzymes currently known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play an important role in the conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides, but their mode of action has remained largely enigmatic. It is generally believed that catalysis by LPMOs requires molecular oxygen and a reductant that delivers two electrons per catalytic cycle. Using enzyme assays, mass spectrometry and experiments with labeled oxygen atoms, we show here that H2O2, rather than O-2, is the preferred co-substrate of LPMOs. By controlling H(2)O2 supply, stable reaction kinetics are achieved, the LPMOs work in the absence of O-2, and the reductant is consumed in priming rather than in stoichiometric amounts. The use of H2O2 by a monocopper enzyme that is otherwise cofactor-free offers new perspectives regarding the mode of action of copper enzymes. Furthermore, these findings have implications for the enzymatic conversion of biomass in Nature and in industrial biorefining.
Journal Article
Metabolic Engineering for Expanding the Substrate Range of Yarrowia lipolytica
Economically viable biotechnology processes must be characterized by a favorable ratio between the production costs and the product market price. In the bioproduction of bulk chemicals, costs must be minimized so that the process is competitive relative to petroleum-based production. The substrate costs must thus be reduced by employing inexpensive carbon sources, such as industrial wastes. Unfortunately, the most convenient microorganisms for a bioconversion are typically unable to degrade such substrates. Fortunately, the discovery of new enzymes together with advances in synthetic biology has moved metabolic engineering forward, expanding substrate ranges. Here we review the latest advances made using the industrial yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, which can exploit various carbon sources to produce biofuels and chemicals.
Even when bioconversion yields are high, biotechnology processes may be economically unviable because of the high and/or unstable cost of common substrates.
Raw, inexpensive carbon sources, usually complex sugar polymers, are preferred. Although these substrates can be pretreated using chemical/enzymatic processes to release their subunits, all-in-one consolidated bioprocesses are preferred.
Most industrial microorganisms are unable to degrade raw substrates such as lignocellulosic biomass or even certain monosaccharide subunits. They must therefore be engineered to fully degrade target substrates.
Metabolic engineering has successfully expanded the range of simple and complex substrates that industrial microbes can degrade. For example, the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has been engineered to break down carbon sources that it cannot degrade naturally.
Journal Article