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Sow productivity improvements are associated with high energetic demand due to increasing prolificity. The reproductive life and longevity of sows, and the readiness for weaning of the offspring may be impaired when sows loose significant body weight (BW) during lactation. The impact of a multicarbohydrase containing α-galactosidase on a low energy dense lactation diet was evaluated in this study. Two-hundred and eight sows (208 ± 25.2 kg) were blocked by parity and BW to one of four treatments, in which a corn-soybean meal diet was formulated to have varying levels of added fat (0, 1.5%, and 3%) to titrate an energy density model. A fourth treatment replicated the 0% added fat formulation with enzyme supplementation at 250 g/tonne. Sows were weighed individually on entry, post-farrow (by calculation) and at weaning. Daily feed intakes (ADFI) and caloric intake were used for calculation of sow feed efficiency (FE) and caloric efficiency. Litter performance was characterized at birth, and size was standardized within 24h of farrow and within treatment to ensure uniform litter sizes. Average wean weight and pre-weaning mortality were determined. Piglets were weighted individually to study litter weight distribution. Data was analyzed as a randomized completely block design, using sow as the experimental unit, treatment as the main effect, and standardized average weight and litter sizes as covariates where appropriate. Although sows fed a multicarbohydrase had lower standardized litter size (P < 0.001), average wean weight was higher in this group and equivalent to the 3% added fat treatment. Enzyme supplementation tended to reduce the proportion of light weight pigs (BW < 4.1kg) within the litter, when compared with the 0% added fat diet (P < 0.1). The multicarbohydrase tended to increased sow ADFI (P < 0.10), although sows from all treatments had equivalent caloric intakes during lactation (P > 0.1). Enzyme supplementation yielded significant improvements in sow FE (P < 0.01), similar to the 3% added fat group. Thus, the carbohydrase degrading enzyme tested in this study improved the efficiency of sows, while increasing average wean weights of the offspring, suggesting an improvement in nutrient digestion and/or metabolic efficiency from typical lactation diets.

Primiparous sows may have difficulty consuming sufficient feed during lactation to account for energy lost in milk production, development, and body maintenance. Addition of higher energy and/or higher standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys may improve gilt and litter performance. One hundred seventy-two primiparous DNA F1 females were randomly allotted within breeding/farrowing group, previous treatment, and entry weight at farrowing to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with energy (3186 and 3332 kcal/kg ME) and SID lysine (1.15 and 1.30%). Sows were weighed upon entry and exit of the farrowing room. Feed disappearance was calculated as the total amount of feed provided to the sow during lactation. A post-farrow weight model was utilized to assess true weight loss in lactation. Litters were standardized within 24 h of birth, and individual pig birth and weaning weights were recorded. The wean to estrus interval was also measured. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of replicate. Addition of high energy and/or high lysine did not impact (P > 0.10) piglet wean weight or sow average daily feed intake. High energy diets reduced (P < 0.05) sow weight loss post-farrow by 15.5% from 8.75 to 7.39 kg. High SID lysine diets reduced (P < 0.05) number of sows not expressing estrus by day 9 post-wean from 13.0 to 7.7% of sows eligible for insemination. The high SID lysine diets targeted 70 g/d and led to an increase (P < 0.05) of 10.3% of sows displaying estrus on day 4 and 5. These data show that higher levels of SID lysine to target 70 g/d in lactation can improve wean to estrus interval, and potentially decrease non-productive sow days.

Primiparous sows may have difficulty consuming sufficient feed during lactation to account for energy lost in milk production, development, and body maintenance. Addition of higher energy and/or higher standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys may improve gilt and litter performance. One hundred seventy-two primiparous DNA F1 females were randomly allotted within breeding/farrowing group, previous treatment, and entry weight at farrowing to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with energy (3186 and 3332 kcal/kg ME) and SID lysine (1.15 and 1.30%). Sows were weighed upon entry and exit of the farrowing room. Feed disappearance was calculated as the total amount of feed provided to the sow during lactation. A post-farrow weight model was utilized to assess true weight loss in lactation. Litters were standardized within 24 h of birth, and individual pig birth and weaning weights were recorded. The wean to estrus interval was also measured. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of replicate. Addition of high energy and/or high lysine did not impact (P > 0.10) piglet wean weight or sow average daily feed intake. High energy diets reduced (P < 0.05) sow weight loss post-farrow by 15.5% from 8.75 to 7.39 kg. High SID lysine diets reduced (P < 0.05) number of sows not expressing estrus by day 9 postwean from 13.0 to 7.7% of sows eligible for insemination. The high SID lysine diets targeted 70 g/d and led to an increase (P < 0.05) of 10.3% of sows displaying estrus on day 4 and 5. These data show that higher levels of SID lysine to target 70 g/d in lactation can improve wean to estrus interval, and potentially decrease non-productive sow days.

The objective was to determine a dietary strategy for gilt development that would improve reproductive performance. One thousand eighty-three gilts (DNA) were blocked by weight (average initial weight = 27.5 ± 4.8 kg) and allocated to one of four dietary treatments (267-273 gilts per treatment). Treatments included: 1) standard grower/finisher (SGF) diet; 2) maximize bone growth (MB) diet with increased available P and Ca; 3) maximize growth (MG) diet with increased energy and AA levels, or 4) maximize both bone and growth (MBG) diet. Each treatment had five phases with all gilts fed a common gestation diet after insemination. At 20 weeks of age, gilts fed MG and MBG diets were heavier (P < 0.05) than gilts fed other diets. Gilts fed the MG diet were heavier (116.9 kg; P < 0.05) at 23 weeks (start of boar exposure) than gilts fed other diets (SGF, 112 kg; MB, 110.3 kg; MBG, 114.6 kg). Gilts fed the MG diet were heavier (143.8 kg; P < 0.05) at mating (29 weeks of age) than gilts fed other diets (SGF, 139.0 kg; MB, 136.8 kg; MBG, 139.6 kg). Upon entering farrowing stalls, gilts fed the MG diet continued to be heavier (P < 0.05). More gilts farrowed (P < 0.05) when fed the MG diet (MG, 89.8%; MBG, 86.8%; MB, 82.2%; SGF, 81.9%). Dietary treatment had no impact on number of pigs born alive per litter, total pigs born per litter, or piglet birth and weaning weights. There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for gilts to remain in the sow herd to farrow their second litter when fed either the MG or MBG diet. Overall, feeding higher energy and AA levels to maximize growth increased gilt development weights, improved the number of gilts that farrowed, and tended to increase sow retention.

Sow productivity improvements are associated with high energetic demand due to increasing prolificity. The reproductive life and longevity of sows, and the readiness for weaning of the offspring may be impaired when sows loose significant body weight (BW) during lactation. The impact of a multicarbohydrase containing [alpha]-galactosidase on a low energy dense lactation diet was evaluated in this study. Two-hundred and eight sows (208 [+ or -] 25.2 kg) were blocked by parity and BW to one of four treatments, in which a corn-soybean meal diet was formulated to have varying levels of added fat (0, 1.5%, and 3%) to titrate an energy density model. A fourth treatment replicated the 0% added fat formulation with enzyme supplementation at 250 g/tonne. Sows were weighed individually on entry, post-farrow (by calculation) and at weaning. Daily feed intakes (ADFI) and caloric intake were used for calculation of sow feed efficiency (FE) and caloric efficiency. Litter performance was characterized at birth, and size was standardized within 24h of farrow and within treatment to ensure uniform litter sizes. Average wean weight and preweaning mortality were determined. Piglets were weighted individually to study litter weight distribution. Data was analyzed as a randomized completely block design, using sow as the experimental unit, treatment as the main effect, and standardized average weight and litter sizes as covariates where appropriate. Although sows fed a multicarbohydrase had lower standardized litter size (P < 0.001), average wean weight was higher in this group and equivalent to the 3% added fat treatment. Enzyme supplementation tended to reduce the proportion of light weight pigs (BW < 4.1kg) within the litter, when compared with the 0% added fat diet (P < 0.1). The multicarbohydrase tended to increased sow ADFI (P < 0.10), although sows from all treatments had equivalent caloric intakes during lactation (P > 0.1). Enzyme supplementation yielded significant improvements in sow FE (P < 0.01), similar to the 3% added fat group. Thus, the carbohydrase degrading enzyme tested in this study improved the efficiency of sows, while increasing average wean weights of the offspring, suggesting an improvement in nutrient digestion and/ or metabolic efficiency from typical lactation diets. Key words: [alpha]-galactosidase, carbohydrase, energy density, lactation, nursing pig, sow

A holistic approach was applied in the determination of Trp:Lys ratio in 10 to 20 kg pigs. The objective of the first experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA of specific allocations of ingredients identified to be low in Trp:Lys ratio. Results indicated that the SID of AA in CGM was similar to the SID of AA in SBM. The SID of AA in field peas was similar to that of corn, however each were somewhat lower (P < 0.05) than the SID of AA in SBM and CGM. Possibly because of overheating, the SID of AA in HP DDG was lower (P < 0.05) than the other ingredients, especially in Lys. The objective of the second set of experiments was to obtain Lys and Trp requirements of 10 to 20 kg pigs fed either a corn-CGM-field peas or a corn-HP DDG diet to aid in the development of the basal diet for subsequent experiments. Three experiments were conducted, first, determining the Lys requirement in a corn-SBM diet, second, comparing the growth performance of pigs fed various diet types, and third, determination of Lys and Trp requirement in corn-CGM-field pea diets. In Exp. 1, SID Lys requirement estimates of 1.18 and 1.29%, respectively were obtained. In Exp. 2, five dietary treatments were developed to contain a corn-SBM diet, a corn-CGM-field peas diet with 2 levels of SID Lys (1.20 and 1.35%), and a corn-HPDDG diet 2 levels of SID Lys (1.20 and 1.35%). The pigs fed the corn-SBM diet resulted in higher (P < 0.05) growth performance than pigs fed any of the corn-CGM-field pea or the corn-HP DDG diets. Pigs fed the corn-CGM-field pea diet and corn-HP DDG diet formulated to 1.35% SID Lys had greater (P < 0.05) growth performance than pigs fed similar diets formulated to 1.20%. In Exp. 3, Trp and Lys requirements were determined to be 0.21% and 1.21%, respectively, using the average of the intercepts of broken line and quadratic analyses of ADG, G:F, and PUN. The objective of the third set of experiments was to confirm the formulated basal to be used in the determination of Trp:Lys ratio was limiting Lys and Trp. Using PUN as the response criteria, the basal diets were found to be limiting in both Lys and Trp. The objective of the fourth set of experiments was to determine the SID Trp:Lys ratio in 10 to 20 kg pigs using a corn-CGM field pea diet (Exp. 1) or a corn-HP DDG diet (Exp. 2). Diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of SID Trp:Lys from 11.7 to 23.5% using 6 diets. The Trp:Lys ratio was determined to be 18.2% using the average of the broken line analyses for both basal diets.

Doug McClellan tells the story of \"Dixie\" who took up cycling after lapband surgery and lost 100 pounds. Great for \"Dixie,\" but can anybody truly believe the riding, and not the lap-band, made the difference? This is a typical example of cycling getting the credit for something else. Far more common is the rider who combines a major diet change with a \"cycling lifestyle,\" and who attributes his or her weight loss to the riding.

A series of studies was conducted with the objective of formulating, implementing, and verifying a new method for measuring phosphorus (P) digestibility in feed ingredients. The first study was designed to measure amino acid digestibility in a newly developed diet. Apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ilea] digestibility were measured in soybean meal (SBM) and in two P-free diets based on pork-gelatin or beef-gelatin. In the second study, the P-free diet based on pork-gelatin was used to measure apparent (ATTD) and true (TTTD) total tract digestibility of P in five different sources of inorganic P. The five feed phosphates were dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate with 70% purity (MCP70), monocalcium phosphate with 85% purity (MCP85), monocalcium phosphate with 100% purity (MCP 100), and monosodium phosphate (MSP). In the final study, the same P-sources as used in exp. 2 were used in a slope-ratio assay to measure the relative bioavailability of P in each source, and these values were compared to the values for bone density. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Currier & Ives was as bad, with lithographs that would trigger protest marches and riots today -- featuring exaggerated physical features and goofy clothing to make the black riders look like clowns. In the first two decades of the 20th century, roads that had until then been shared by pedestrians, street vendors, cyclists and horse carriages were turned over to cars, making them dangerous for everybody else.