Explore the vast range of titles available.

The representation and success of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM) have sparked discussions, given their underrepresentation in these traditionally male-dominated fields. While women comprise 40% of STEMM undergraduates, senior-level positions see this figure drop below 20%. Research suggests that gender disparities in STEMM participation result from motivational differences, rather than competence. Exploring the reasons for these disparities are important as they can have significant consequences for the acknowledgement of women in STEMM, the maintenance of their STEMM discipline, and future careers. As such, this study explored how the experiences of 13 female undergraduates in Australian STEMM programs impacted their motivation and persistence in their degree. Through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, analysed via reflexive thematic analysis, five themes were constructed, encapsulating diverse experiences shaping female undergraduates in STEMM, influencing self-efficacy, determination, and well-being. Early exposure and environment were pivotal, acting as motivators or deterrents. Additionally, peer support was suggested as being crucial, fostering belongingness in the male-dominated space. Participants also grappled with recognition challenges, influenced by gender imbalances and a lack of role models. Intimidation was evident, leading to thoughts of dropping out, but passion drove persistence amid these challenges. The research increases awareness and understanding of the challenges faced by female undergraduates in STEMM, offering valuable insights for developing strategies to enhance their university experiences and promote success in future STEMM careers.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted on the ways in which academics engage in their work, with many unique demands, anxieties, and pressures placed on them. Adjustments to the work and home lives have been made as a result. I explored how Western Australian academics experienced working in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic. 11 participants were interviewed, and data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings illustrated (1) how Western Australian academics initially reacted to the building COVID-19 concern, and its impacts on higher education, (2) the ways in which Western Australian academics responded to the daily changes, and (3) the lessons learned from the pandemic to assist academics moving forward. Overall, the findings of this study contribute to a growing body of literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on higher education and provide important insights into the experiences of Western Australian academics.

In contemporary times, the conceptualisation of marriage has shifted; however, societal attitudes and cultural ideologies regarding its construction remain complex. As such, unique generational perspectives are needed to reflect on how marriage has evolved and to comment on ongoing tensions related to it. This study explores how individuals born in the 1960s conceptualise marriage, examining the complex interplay between traditional values and evolving perspectives. Using an exploratory qualitative design underpinned by a social constructionist epistemology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants (7 female, 5 male) aged 56–65. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed three main themes: (1) Unveiling the New Vows: The Shifting Values of Marriage and Family, (2) Breaking Boundaries and Transforming Traditions: Debunking Heteronormativity, and (3) Witnessing Progression: Dismantling Barriers and Embracing Diversity and Equality in Marriage. The findings indicate a significant shift in how marriage is viewed, with participants demonstrating both nostalgia for traditional constructs and support for more inclusive definitions. Notably, many participants positioned themselves as more progressive than their peers, challenging notions of homogenous generational attitudes. This study highlights the ongoing tension between traditional and contemporary views of marriage, suggesting that efforts to promote inclusivity must address both legal barriers and deeply ingrained cultural norms. These findings contribute to our understanding of how social institutions like marriage are reconceptualised over time, emphasising the dynamic nature of social change and the capacity for individuals to evolve in their perspectives on deeply entrenched societal norms.

Deceivingly simple and often colloquial, the Fair Go is pervasive to the Australian lexicon and a feature of the projected national identity. The Fair Go has historically been used as a plea for fairness in contexts where there is perceived injustice. The Australian media hold significant power to shape public perceptions and debate, including those around fairness; however, there is a limited understanding as to how the Australian media use the term. Examining the use of the Fair Go by the Australian media allowed for greater understanding of the role that the Fair Go plays within Australian society. A media frame analysis was conducted to explore the Australian media’s use of the Fair Go, revealing that the Australian media imbued the Fair Go with complex power dynamics. Re-enforcing the Fair Go as a narrative of injustice, the Australian media used the Fair Go to both personalise and politicise experiences of disadvantage through dominant humanisation and responsibility narratives. The results demonstrate how the often used, yet simplistic, façade of the term masks the complexity and power that the media have imbued the Fair Go with. Furthermore, the findings raise questions surrounding the media’s use of the term and the legitimacy of the Fair Go as a moniker of injustice.

The becoming of, and being, a later-career woman academic is marked by being positioned to play a key role in the operation of the academic institution. Tensions emerge when later-career women academics are expected to balance these expectations, while simultaneously contemplating how they choose to remain, work, and identify within academia. We qualitatively explored how Australian later-career women academics conceptualise their academic identities, and the subject positions made available through their discourse. Aged between 43 and 72 years, 17 participants were interviewed. Data was analysed using Foucauldian Discourse Analysis. Four subject positions were identified—The Insecure Woman, who experienced tensions between the academic that the system required them to be, compared to the academic that they wanted to be; The Expert Academic, viewed by other individuals as the voice of reason within academia; The Reflective Academic, who reflects on, and summarises, their academic career; and The Disengaging Academic, who begins to transition out of their academic roles and responsibilities. Overall, the identified discourses created subjectivities questioning how much one has contributed to the academic setting, what it means to have been a part of academia, as well as evaluating what it means to identify beyond it.

In an age of rising microbial resistance to antibiotics, new classes of antibiotic compounds with novel modes of action are required to manage increasing cases of treatment failure with current antibiotics. For broad-spectrum antibiotics, failures across multiple classes of drugs including (but not limited to) macrolides, tetracyclines and penicillins have prompted urgent research into new chemical approaches for the management of antibiotic susceptible and antibiotic resistant strains of clinically relevant pathogens. The challenges of antibiotic resistance intersect with the treatment of non-resistant bacteria in the management of Chlamydial infections, as concurrent infections with Azithromycin-resistant infections such as Neisseria gonorrhoeaelimit treatment options for both infections. This thesis describes the investigation of two chemical scaffolds and their antibacterial applications.In Chlamydia trachomatis, the serine protease High temperature requirement A (HtrA) has been identified as a target for new antibiotic compounds. Inspired by the development of the covalent diphenylphosphonate peptide JO146 as a HtrA inhibitor in C. trachomatis, 3-alkoxy-4-chloroisocoumarins (a class of serine protease inhibitors designed for the inhibition of Human Neutrophil Elastase) were investigated as a potential scaffold to develop new inhibitors of HtrA.A series of nine 3-alkoxy-4-chloroisocoumarin compounds was synthesised and relationships between the aliphatic chain length and chain branching on the inhibitory potency against the HtrA of C. trachomatis (CtHtrA), and Human Leukocyte Elastase (HLE) were examined. The compounds with shortest (methyl) and longest (butyl) aliphatic chains exhibited the weakest inhibitory properties against both CtHtrA and HLE. A ‘goldilocks’ chain length was identified for both serine proteases with 2- and 3- carbon long chains (ethyl and n-propyl) and chain branching was identified as the driving factor toward CtHtrA selectivity over HLE (iso-propyl and sec-butoxy) with the latter (i.e. the 4-chloro-3-sec-butoxyisocoumarin compound) possessing the highest inhibitory selectivity. This hit compound was further developed to produce eight analogues with various C-7 substituents (Series 2). However, all compounds in Series 2 tested for their inhibitory properties against CtHtrA showed weaker activity than the hit compound.The cytotoxic properties of Series 1 and Series 2 were evaluated against two mammalian cell lines (HEp-2 and McCoy B cells) that are commonly used for in vitrocultivation of Chlamydia species. Both series of compounds were broadly cytotoxic against McCoy B cells at concentrations of ≥62.5 µM, with some showing cytotoxicity at 31.25 µM. HEp-2 cells were found to be generally unaffected by both series at a concentration of ≤62.5 µM, but C-7 substitution was identified as a factor enhancing the cytotoxic properties of 4-chloroisocoumarin compounds.The anti-chlamydial properties of Series 1 and Series 2 were evaluated against C. trachomatis and Chlamydia pecorum. No activity was identified for any compound against C. pecorum. However, against C. trachomatis, 4-chloro-3-sec butoxyisocoumarin compound reduced the proliferation of by 50%. Activity was improved with compounds possessing amino or dimethylamino substituents at the C-7 position (in Series 2). A dose-response relationship for these compounds against the proliferation of C. trachomatiswas observed. These findings suggest that 7-amino-3- alkoxy-4-chloroisocoumarin compounds could serve as a new scaffold in the development of anti-chlamydial compounds.

There are over 1,000,000 publications on diet and health and over 480,000 references on inflammation in the National Library of Medicine database. In addition, there have now been over 30,000 peer-reviewed articles published on the relationship between diet, inflammation, and health outcomes. Based on this voluminous literature, it is now recognized that low-grade, chronic systemic inflammation is associated with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as impaired neurodevelopment and adverse mental health outcomes. Dietary components modulate inflammatory status. In recent years, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), a literature-derived dietary index, was developed to characterize the inflammatory potential of habitual diet. Subsequently, a large and rapidly growing body of research investigating associations between dietary inflammatory potential, determined by the DII, and risk of a wide range of NCDs has emerged. In this narrative review, we examine the current state of the science regarding relationships between the DII and cancer, cardiometabolic, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases, neurodevelopment, and adverse mental health outcomes. We synthesize the findings from recent studies, discuss potential underlying mechanisms, and look to the future regarding novel applications of the adult and children’s DII (C-DII) scores and new avenues of investigation in this field of nutritional research.

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research within themeteorological and climate dynamics communities and is central to the work of many geologists, ecologists, natural resource managers, and social scientists. Research over the last 15 years has led to an emerging consensus: the PDO is not a single phenomenon, but is instead the result of a combination of different physical processes, including both remote tropical forcing and local North Pacific atmosphere–ocean interactions, which operate on different time scales to drive similar PDO-like SST anomaly patterns. How these processes combine to generate the observed PDO evolution, including apparent regime shifts, is shown using simple autoregressive models of increasing spatial complexity. Simulations of recent climate in coupled GCMs are able to capture many aspects of the PDO, but do so based on a balance of processes often more independent of the tropics than is observed. Finally, it is suggested that the assessment of PDO-related regional climate impacts, reconstruction of PDO-related variability into the past with proxy records, and diagnosis of Pacific variability within coupled GCMs should all account for the effects of these different processes, which only partly represent the direct forcing of the atmosphere by North Pacific Ocean SSTs.

The importance of concurrent exercise order for improving endurance and resistance adaptations remains unclear, particularly when sessions are performed a few hours apart. We investigated the effects of concurrent training (in alternate orders, separated by ~3 hours) on endurance and resistance training adaptations, compared to resistance-only training. Twenty-nine healthy, moderately-active men (mean ± SD; age 24.5 ± 4.7 y; body mass 74.9 ± 10.8 kg; height 179.7 ± 6.5 cm) performed either resistance-only training (RT, n = 9), or same-day concurrent training whereby high-intensity interval training was performed either 3 hours before (HIIT+RT, n = 10) or after resistance training (RT+HIIT, n = 10), for 3 d.wk-1 over 9 weeks. Training-induced changes in leg press 1-repetition maximal (1-RM) strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, body composition, peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), aerobic power ([Formula: see text]), and lactate threshold ([Formula: see text]) were assessed before, and after both 5 and 9 weeks of training. After 9 weeks, all training groups increased leg press 1-RM (~24-28%) and total lean mass (~3-4%), with no clear differences between groups. Both concurrent groups elicited similar small-to-moderate improvements in all markers of aerobic fitness ([Formula: see text] ~8-9%; [Formula: see text] ~16-20%; [Formula: see text] ~14-15%). RT improved CMJ displacement (mean ± SD, 5.3 ± 6.3%), velocity (2.2 ± 2.7%), force (absolute: 10.1 ± 10.1%), and power (absolute: 9.8 ± 7.6%; relative: 6.0 ± 6.6%). HIIT+RT elicited comparable improvements in CMJ velocity only (2.2 ± 2.7%). Compared to RT, RT+HIIT attenuated CMJ displacement (mean difference ± 90%CI, -5.1 ± 4.3%), force (absolute: -8.2 ± 7.1%) and power (absolute: -6.0 ± 4.7%). Only RT+HIIT reduced absolute fat mass (mean ± SD, -11.0 ± 11.7%). In moderately-active males, concurrent training, regardless of the exercise order, presents a viable strategy to improve lower-body maximal strength and total lean mass comparably to resistance-only training, whilst also improving indices of aerobic fitness. However, improvements in CMJ displacement, force, and power were attenuated when RT was performed before HIIT, and as such, exercise order may be an important consideration when designing training programs in which the goal is to improve lower-body power.

Magnetized rocks can record the history of the magnetic field of a planet, a key constraint for understanding its evolution. From orbital vector magnetic field measurements of Mercury taken by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft at altitudes below 150 kilometers, we have detected remanent magnetization in Mercury's crust. We infer a lower bound on the average age of magnetization of 3.7 to 3.9 billion years. Our findings indicate that a global magnetic field driven by dynamo processes in the fluid outer core operated early in Mercury's history. Ancient field strengths that range from those similar to Mercury's present dipole field to Earth-like values are consistent with the magnetic field observations and with the low iron content of Mercury's crust inferred from MESSENGER elemental composition data.