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Generally, inward and outward effects are huge and prime in the rotating components. Based on the working environments of a rotor, the complexity is increased furthermore. In this work also deals the same problem, which is fatigue life estimation of marine propeller for different materials under given Ocean environments by using Ansys Fluent 16.2. The conceptual design of the Marine propeller is modelled with the help of CATIA. Fatigue life estimation on the rotor is key and complex output of this work, advanced methodology is mandatory for computation therefore Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) technique is used as advanced numerical simulation. Fluid properties such as density and operating pressure are used to define the Ocean environment in the Ansys Fluent 16.2. In the case of structural simulation, the existing materials such as Aluminium alloy and Stainless Steel are used for fatigue life estimation. Finally, the fatigue life estimation of marine propeller is extended for Composite material to compare the life of a rotor.

Hydrodynamic effects are severely affecting the performance of a Marine Propeller. Basically, manuvering of an Unmanned Aquatic Vehicle's is controlled by its propeller, which is drastically depends on the fluid. Therefore the study about fluid behaviour and its effects are mandatory to enhance the efficiency of the marine propeller. In this work deals, the hydrodynamic force estimations on the marine propeller by using both theoretical formulae and numerical analysis. The aim of this work is to obtain the fine tuned hydrodynamic forces of marine propeller for its performance enhancement. Fundamentally, complexities involved in the force estimation approaches are represent the fluid behaviour and environmental conditions. Standard formulae are used for estimations of hydrodynamic forces. CATIA is used for the generation of conceptual design on the marine propeller. ANSYS Fluent 16.2 is used for numerical simulation, in which fluid is provided the ocean water properties. Finally, the hydrodynamic forces are compared for future work.

To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic exposure on changes in alcohol use and mood from years 1 to 2 after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used a difference-in-difference (DiD) study design to analyze data from 1,059 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI enrolled in the TBI Model Systems (TBIMS) National Database. We defined COVID-19 pandemic exposure as participants who received their year 1 post-injury interviews prior to January 1, 2020, and their year 2 interview between April 1, 2020 and January 15, 2021. Pandemic-unexposed participants had both year 1 and 2 follow-up interviews before January 1, 2020. We measured current alcohol use as any past month alcohol use, average number of drinks per drinking occasion, and past month binge drinking. We measured depression symptoms using Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and anxiety symptoms using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. We found persons with TBI exposed to the pandemic had greater increases in the average number of drinks per occasion from year 1 to 2 post-injury compared to pandemic-unexposed individuals (β = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.57, p = 0.001), with males, adults <65 years old, and Black and Hispanic subgroups showing the greatest increases in consumption. Though average consumption was elevated, changes in rates of any alcohol use or binge drinking by pandemic exposure were not observed. Overall, there were no significant changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms over time between pandemic exposed and unexposed groups; however, pandemic-exposed Hispanics with TBI reported significant increases in anxiety symptoms from year-1 to year-2 post-injury compared to pandemic-unexposed Hispanics (β = 2.35, 95% CI: 0.25, 4.47, p = 0.028). Among persons living with TBI, those exposed to the pandemic had significant increases in average alcohol consumption. Pandemic-exposed Hispanics with TBI had large elevations in anxiety symptoms, perhaps reflecting health inequities exacerbated by the pandemic, and suggesting a need for targeted monitoring of psychosocial distress.

The 2030 agenda presents an integrated set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets that will shape development activities for the coming decade. The challenge now facing development organizations and governments is how to operationalize this interconnected set of goals and targets through effective projects and programs. This paper presents a micro-level modeling approach that can quantitatively assess the impacts associated with rural water interventions that are tailored to specific communities. The analysis focuses on how a multiple-use water services (MUS) approach to SDG 6 could reinforce a wide range of other SDGs and targets. The multilevel modeling framework provides a generalizable template that can be used in multiple sectors. In this paper, we apply the methodology to a dataset on rural water services from Mozambique to show that community-specific equivalents of macro-level variables used in the literature such as Cost of Illness (COI) avoided can provide a better indication of the impacts of a specific intervention. The proposed modeling framework presents a new frontier for designing projects in any sector that address the specific needs of communities, while also leveraging the knowledge gained from previous projects in any country. The approach also presents a way for agencies and organizations to design projects or programs that bridge sectors/disciplines (water, irrigation, health, energy, economic development, etc.) to advance an interconnected set of SDGs and targets.

The present work is to investigate the effect of nanoclay loading on the blends of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM)/Silica-Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (S-SBR) nanocomposites through experimental and Finite Element analysis (FEA) studies. The nanocomposite specimens were prepared according to ASTM standard using open-mill mixer processing. The physical and mechanical properties of EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposites were determined by measuring the tensile and tear properties, swelling properties, compression set, hardness and abrasion resistance properties. In the tensile tests for tensile strengthening evaluation, the tensile properties of EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposite specimens have been measured at different temperatures using universal testing machine. From the hardness test, EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposites appears to be a good material for high temperature applications than polymer/clay nanocomposites. As per standards of ASTM D-395 and ASTM D-471, compression set and swelling test specimens were prepared for determining the mechanical properties. Hardness, compression set and swelling resistance of nanocomposites increased due to increasing content of nanoclay as well as rebound resilience decreased. The failure modes of fractured surface are observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposite specimens. From the FEA results, the use of EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposite specimens provide better results for Von Mises stresses which are much higher than EPDM/nano-silica composite specimens.

Multi-perspective analyses on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) are a major concern of this work, in which bending and tensile loads focally applied. GFRPs are good composites, which have been developed to handle critical loads in an effectual manner with low price consumption. Instead of external research, this work focused to work on the optimization of the internal component of GFRPs. The component shortlisted for this research is reinforcement and its orientational angles. From the literature survey, 38 different orientational models are generated for the flexural tests, and 22 different orientational models are created for tensile tests. Three primary fibers are used for this optimization, which are E-Glass-UD, E-Glass-Wet, and S-Glass-UD. Commonly, Epoxy resin is used as a matrix for all the tests. The inputs of these computational simulations are External peak loads, which are estimated from experimental tests. The computational procedures are verified with Grid convergence test and analytical approach based validations. Finally, the structural analyses are computed and thereby models are optimized for both flexural and tensile loading conditions. Model 27 is reached the first position under flexural load and Model 1 is obtained the first position under tensile load based on low stiffness. In addition to that, Model 20 is also performed better than other models under flexural loads.

In the recent technology over the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), the implication of propeller contributes a principal part in the production of thrust by pushing the air with the rotating blades. Especially, propeller's incomparably works perfect in the advanced UAVs, because of its huge contribution to UAV's construction. Analyzing the structural behavior of propeller and its rotodynamic effects with the help of advanced engineering approaches can provide better performance and lifetime in advanced operating conditions. The composites of CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) are widely used for the propellers, due to the advantage of load resisting capacity, lightweight, higher production. This work deals with the comparative studies of the propeller with the different composites such as CFRP and GFRP to inculcate the structural characteristics of deformation with respect to the applied load, maximum stress, and normal stress by coupled cum advanced simulations for different rotational velocities. The primary outcome of these comparative studies is providing the optimized performance as well as its ultimate lifetime of the rotor component for an advanced UAV. Finally, material optimizations are executed for UAV's propeller by using two advanced numerical methodologies that are FSI (Fluid-Structure Interaction) for the evaluation of structural parameters and coupling of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) - MRF (Moving Reference Frame) for the representation of rotating nature of propeller. Through these approaches and grid convergence test, the best composite material is finalized, which is GFRP. Especially, Epoxy-E-Glass UD and Epoxy-S-Glass-UD are performed better than other composite materials, wherein the Epoxy-E-Glass-UD is reacted low deformed value of 3.7829μm and Epoxy-S-Glass-UD is induced low stress value f 55556Pa than other composites at average loading conditions.

Background Understanding the interdependencies among inflammatory mediators of tissue damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is essential in providing effective, patient-specific care. Activated microglia and elevated concentrations of inflammatory signaling molecules reflect the complex cascades associated with acute neuroinflammation and are predictive of recovery after TBI. However, clinical TBI studies to date have not focused on modeling the dynamic temporal patterns of simultaneously evolving inflammatory mediators, which has potential in guiding the design of future immunomodulation intervention studies. Methods We derived a mathematical model consisting of ordinary differential equations (ODE) to represent interactions between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, M1- and M2-like microglia, and central nervous system (CNS) tissue damage. We incorporated variables for several cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12, known to have roles in microglial activation and phenotype differentiation. The model was fit to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine data, collected during the first 5 days post-injury in n  = 89 adults with severe TBI. Ensembles of model fits were produced for three patient subgroups: (1) a favorable outcome group (GOS = 4,5) and (2) an unfavorable outcome group (GOS = 1,2,3) both with lower pro-inflammatory load, and (3) an unfavorable outcome group (GOS = 1,2,3) with higher pro-inflammatory load. Differences in parameter distributions between subgroups were ranked using Bhattacharyya metrics to identify mechanistic differences underlying the neuroinflammatory patterns of patient groups with different TBI outcomes. Results Optimal model fits to data showed different microglial and damage responses by patient subgroup. Upon comparison of model parameter distributions, unfavorable outcome groups were characterized by either a prolonged, pathophysiological or a transient, sub-physiological course of neuroinflammation. Conclusion By developing a mathematical characterization of inflammatory processes informed by clinical data, we have created a system for exploring links between acute neuroinflammatory components and patient outcome in severe TBI.

The objective of this paper is to estimate the fatigue life behaviour of Al 7075-T6 using experimental and numerical methods for the purpose of aerospace applications. In this paper, initially static properties for the specimens are determined using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) under tensile loading. The cyclic bending load is applied on the material using fatigue test and the dynamic properties are determined. Experimental and numerical studies are carried out to determine the fatigue strength and endurance limit values of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 at different types of loading. The fatigue strength and structural integrity of the aluminium alloy 7075 - T6 are investigated using S-N curve. In numerical simulation, the reference model of this paper has been modelled by CATIA and thereby it is imported into ANSYS workbench 16.2 to investigate the stress distribution and number of cycles to failure of an aluminium alloy 7075-T6 under tensile loading. The mechanical properties are evaluated using both the approaches and finally the comparative study is carried out.

In Aviation sector, composite materials and its application to each component are one of the prime factors of consideration due to the high strength to weight ratio, design flexibility and non-corrosive so that the composite materials are widely used in the low weight constructions and also it can be treated as a suitable alternative to metals. The objective of this paper is to estimate and compare the suitability of a composite skin joint in an aircraft fuselage with different joints by simulating the displacement, normal stress, vonmises stress and shear stress with the help of numerical solution methods. The reference Z-stringer component of this paper is modeled by CATIA and numerical simulation is carried out by ANSYS has been used for splice joint presents in the aircraft fuselage with three combinations of joints such as riveted joint, bonded joint and hybrid joint. Nowadays the stringers are using to avoid buckling of fuselage skin, it has joined together by rivets and they are connected end to end by splice joint. Design and static analysis of three-dimensional models of joints such as bonded, riveted and hybrid are carried out and results are compared.