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Plants endure many abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or frost), drought, and salt. Such factors are primary and frequent stressors that reduce agriculture crop yields. Often alterations in nutrient management and constituents, along with variations in biosynthetic capacity, ultimately reduce or halt plant growth. Genetically, stress is an environmental condition that interferes with complete genetic expression. A vast range of molecular genomic markers is available for the analysis of agricultural crops. These markers are classified into various groups based on how the markers are used: RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers serve to identify and screen hybrids based on salinity and drought stress tolerance, while simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are excellent for the assessment of stress tolerance. Such markers also play an important role in the QTL (Quantitative trait loci) mapping of stress-related genes. Dehydrins for drought and saltol for salinity stresses are primitive genes which regulate responses to these conditions. Further, a focus on traits using single-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers supports genetic mapping and the sequencing of stress-related traits in inbred lines. DNA markers facilitate marker-assisted breeding to enhance abiotic stress tolerance using advanced techniques and marker modification.

This study presents a novel approach focused on extensively addressing the dynamics of Rabineurodeficiency Syndrome by developing a mathematical compartmental model without recuperation. The equilibria of the rabies-free and present states are analyzed locally and globally. Real-world data on annual rabies cases are integrated to confirm and enhance the model’s accuracy. Likewise, a parameter estimation technique is employed to optimize the model, aiding in calculating the basic reproduction number. Sensitivity analysis examines the impact of critical parameters on transmission dynamics, providing a deeper understanding of the determining factors influencing disease spread. Visual representations of the relationship between essential parameters and the reproduction number offer valuable insights into factors influencing disease control. Advancing the understanding of Rabineurodeficiency Syndrome dynamics, the inclusive control actions to mitigate infectious diseases are evaluated, emphasizing the importance of accounting for individuals with disabilities.

This study aims to formulate a mathematical framework to examine how the Lassa virus spreads in humans of opposite genders. The stability of the model is analyzed at an equilibrium point in the absence of the Lassa fever. The model’s effectiveness is evaluated using real-life data, and all the parameters needed to determine the basic reproduction number are estimated. Sensitivity analysis is performed to pinpoint the crucial parameters significantly influencing the spread of the infection. The interaction between threshold parameters and the basic reproduction number is simulated. Control theory is employed to devise and evaluate strategies, such as awareness campaigns, advocating condom usage, and deploying rodenticides to reduce the possibility of virus transmission efficiently.

In this article, a model is developed to depict the dynamics of gonorrhea and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection with disability and mortality risks. Estimating the parameter values and validating the model are done using real-world data on cases of gonorrhea. The properties of solutions, such as boundedness and positivity, uniqueness and existence are investigated. The basic reproduction number is calculated using the next-generation matrix. The stability of Gonorrhea-Free and Present Equilibrium states is also analyzed. The Lyapunov function is used to verify global stability at the Gonorrhea-Free Equilibrium, while the graph-theoretic approach is employed to analyze global stability at the Gonorrhea-Present Equilibrium. Sensitivity indices are calculated to identify the significant parameters transmitting the disease. The Adams Bashforth predictor-corrector scheme is used to simulate the behavior of all classes individually and in combination with the different classes, considering the effect of fractional order . The relation between various parameters and the basic reproduction number is analyzed and portrayed. The limitations on the values of the parameters to ensure the basic reproduction number is below one are also discussed. This model incorporates aspects that cause disabilities and mortality from both gonorrhea and HIV and estimates the contribution of both to the long-term neurological and reproductive disabilities. The simulation results demonstrate how the course of disabilities is altered when these aspects are modified. This work highlights the importance of early diagnosis and disability prevention efforts.

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of Lassa fever transmission and its impact on the brain and spinal cord then devise and analyze preventive actions. The stability of the infection-free equilibrium point is evaluated; the model’s precision is examined using empirical data; and all parameters are estimated and fitted. Subsequently, the basic reproductive number is determined, and subpopulation trends are observed over time. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify critical drivers influencing transmission dynamics. Two-dimensional plots visualize the impact of crucial parameters on the reproductive number. Through a comprehensive literature review and case analysis, an association between Lassa fever and various disabilities is established, including conditions such as encephalitis, hearing loss, ataxia, neuropsychiatric manifestations, meningitis, seizures, and coma. Solutions are devised and analyzed to enhance early detection, treatment, and mitigation of disease.

Background High temperature stress at peak flowering stage of cotton is a major hindrance for crop potential. This study aimed to increase genetic divergence regarding heat tolerance in newly developed cultivars and hybrids. Fifty cotton genotypes and 40 F 1 (hybrids) were tested under field conditions following the treatments, viz., high temperature stress and control at peak flowering stage in August and October under April and June sowing, respectively. Results The mean squares revealed significant differences among genotypes, treatments, genotype × treatment for relative cell injury, chlorophyll contents, canopy temperature, boll retention and seed cotton yield per plant. The genetic diversity among 50 genotypes was analyzed through cluster analysis and heat susceptibility index (HSI). The heat tolerant genotypes including FH-Noor, NIAB-545, FH-466, FH-Lalazar, FH-458, NIAB-878, IR-NIBGE-8, Weal-AG-Shahkar, and heat sensitive, i.e., CIM-602, Silky-3, FH-326, SLH-12 and FH-442 were hybridized in line × tester fashion to produce F 1 populations. The breeding materials’ populations (40 F 1 ) revealed higher specific combining ability variances along with dominance variances, decided the non-additive type gene action for all the traits. The best general combining ability effects for most of the traits were displayed by the lines, i.e., FH-Lalazar, NIAB-878 along with testers FH-326 and Silky-3. Specific combining ability effects and better-parent heterosis were showed by the crosses, viz., FH-Lalazar × Silky-3, FH-Lalazar × FH-326, NIAB-878 × Silky-3, and NIAB-878 × FH-326 for seed cotton yield and yield contributing traits under high temperature stress. Conclusion Heterosis breeding should be carried out in the presence of non-additive type gene action for all the studied traits. The best combiner parents with better-parent heterosis may be used in crossing program to develop high yielding cultivars, and hybrids for high temperature stress tolerance.

This study introduces an innovative approach to understand better and address rabies transmission-causing brain disorders by developing a comprehensive mathematical model, and the model’s credibility is verified through the utilization of real-world data of confirmed rabies cases. The model meticulously examines the dynamics of rabies transmission, rabies-free equilibrium stability, parameter estimation, and the basic reproductive number. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis identifies pivotal factors influencing transmission, while 3D surface plots illustrate the effects of threshold parameters on the basic reproduction number. An extensive review of literature and case studies reinforces the strong association between rabies and severe neurological disorders, underscoring the urgent need for effective epidemic management. Control strategies such as educational campaigns and utilization of nanotechnology are proposed and analyzed to combat this threat. The ultimate goal is to enhance the prompt identification, treatment, and mitigation of rabies, strengthening response to brain-disabling outbreaks.

This study aims to develop a mathematical model for analyzing Lassa fever transmission dynamics and proposing effective control measures. The stability of the Lassa fever-free equilibrium point is examined and the model's accuracy is assessed using real-world data. Additionally, the parameter values and the basic reproduction number are estimated. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted, which identifies the key drivers influencing transmission dynamics. Moreover, the impact of model parameters on basic reproduction numbers is investigated. Multiple control methodologies including use of Ribavirin, implementing mobile health technology and incorporating natural predators are devised and analyzed using optimal control theory to curtail virus transmission.

In this study, the ϕ 6 -model expansion method is showed to be useful for finding solitary wave solutions to the Klein–Gordon (KG) equation. We develop a variety of solutions, including Jacobi elliptic functions, hyperbolic forms, and trigonometric forms, so greatly enhancing the range of exact solutions attainable. The 2D, 3D, and contour plots clearly show different types of solitary waves, like bright, dark, singular, and periodic solitons. This gives us a lot of information about how the KG equation doesn’t work in a straight line. Our findings highlight the ϕ 6 model as a powerful tool to study nonlinear wave equations, improve our understanding of their complex dynamics, and increase the scope for theoretical exploration. The ϕ 6 model expansion technique is exceptionally adaptable and may be utilised for a wide array of nonlinear partial differential equations. Despite its versatility, the technique may not be applicable to all nonlinear PDEs, especially those that do not meet the specified requirements or structures manageable by this technique. In theoretical physics, particularly in field theory and quantum mechanics, the Klein–Gordon equation is a classical model. By studying this model, we can illustrate the waves and particles movements at relativistic speeds. Among other areas, its significance in cosmology, quantum field theory, and the study of nonlinear optics are widely considered. Additionally, it provides exact solutions and nonlinear dynamics have various applications in applied mathematics and physics. The study is novel because it provides a new understanding of the complex behaviours and various waveforms of the controlling model by means of detailed evaluation. Future research could focus on further exploring the stability and physical implications of these solutions under different conditions, thereby advancing our knowledge of nonlinear wave phenomena and their applications in physics and beyond.

Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) is an important legume which is consumed globally for protein intake, particularly in Asian states. It is a well-known source of dietary fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins. The cowpea grains are stored after harvest and used till the next harvest. However, the grains are infested by storage pests, primarily Callosobruchus maculatus . Hence, effective management strategies are needed to protect the stored grains form the pests. This study assessed the efficacy of some edible oils in suppressing C . maculatus infestation in stored cowpea grains. Four different botanical oils (i.e., mustard, neem, poppy, and pumpkin) at four different concentrations (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml per 100 g grain) were included in the study. A control treatment without any botanical oil was also included for comparison. The relevant concentrations of botanical oils were poured into plastic containers containing 100 g cowpea grains and ten C . maculatus adults were released. The jars were sealed and placed at room temperature. Data relating to mortality, oviposition, F1 adult emergence, and seed weight loss were recorded. The tested botanical oils and their concentrations significantly affected mortality after one day. Mortality after 2 nd and 3 rd days remained unaffected by botanical oils and their different concentrations. The highest mortality was recorded in neem oil-treated grains followed by poppy, pumpkin, and mustard oils. Increased oviposition rate was observed in the grains treated with mustard and pumpkin oils, while those treated with neem and poppy oil recorded decreased oviposition. The control treatment had increased oviposition rate compared to tested botanical oils. All botanical oils significantly inhibited egg laying percentage. The highest germination was recorded for the grains treated with mustard oil followed by pumpkin, poppy, and neem oils, respectively. The lowest germination was recorded for control treatment. Significant differences were noted for C . maculatus repellency among botanical oils. No emergence of adults (F1 progeny) was recorded in all tested botanical oils; thus, F1 progeny was inhibited by 100%. Weight loss, damage percentage, and holes in the grains were not recorded since F1 progeny did not emerge. It is concluded that tested botanical oils are promising and could be utilized to control C . maculatus in cowpea grains during storage.