Explore the vast range of titles available.

Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) revealed focal stenosis of the bilateral transverse sinuses near the sigmoid junction, supporting a diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (figure 1). IIH is a chronic disorder characterised by elevated intracranial pressure without an identifiable cause.1 It typically affects obese women of reproductive age and presents with headaches, transient visual obscuration, pulsatile tinnitus and diplopia, most commonly due to sixth nerve palsy.2–4 Bilateral papilledema remains the hallmark clinical sign.5 However, in patients with spontaneous CSF leaks, these classical features may be attenuated or absent. Multimodal imaging, including MRI, magnetic resonance venography, high-resolution CT and CT cisternography, is essential for identifying features of IIH, localising skull base defects and confirming active CSF leaks.

Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is a recently described chronic inflammatory central nervous system disease. This case report describes a young female patient presenting with weakness in bilateral upper and lower limbs and tinnitus for 2 months. A neurological examination revealed signs of brainstem and cerebellar involvement. MRI brain showed characteristic features of CLIPPERS, with punctate and nodular enhancement in the pons and cerebellum. Differential diagnoses were systematically considered and excluded. The patient showed significant clinical and radiological improvement with steroid therapy. No clinical or radiological red flags occurred during the follow-up. This case underscores the critical role of integrating clinical and radiological findings to effectively diagnose and manage CLIPPERS. It emphasises the importance of ruling out alternative diagnoses through a thorough evaluation.

We present a rare case of a spontaneous indirect caroticocavernous fistula (CCF) in an early adolescent, who exhibited a 1-month history of redness, decrease in vision and proptosis of the right eye without a history of trauma or connective tissue disorder. An MRI of the brain and orbit and a digital subtraction angiography confirmed the diagnosis of Barrow type D CCF. The same was then treated with coiling and a liquid embolising agent using the transfacial venous route, resulting in complete obliteration. Reduction in conjunctival congestion with mild improvement in visual acuity was noted postprocedure. Complete recovery was noted at the 6-month follow-up visit. CCF, though rare in the paediatric population, should be highly considered in the differential diagnosis when the above-mentioned complaints are present. Early diagnosis and intervention have favourable outcomes.

Aim: In some situations of radiotherapy treatments requiring application of tissue-equivalent bolus material (e.g., gel bolus), due to material's rigid/semi-rigid nature, undesirable air gaps may occur beneath it because of irregularity of body surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric parameters such as surface dose (Ds), depth of dose maximum (dmax), and depth dose along central axis derived from the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve of a 6 MV clinical photon beam in the presence of air gaps between the gel bolus and the treatment surface. Materials and Methods: A bolus holder was designed to hold the gel bolus sheet to create an air gap between the bolus and the radiation field analyzer's (RFA-300) water surface. PDD curves were taken for field sizes of 5 cm × 5 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm, 15 cm × 15 cm, 20 cm × 20 cm, and 25 cm × 25 cm, with different thicknesses of gel bolus (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm) and air gap (from 0.0 to 3.0 cm), using a compact ionization chamber (CC13) with RFA-300 keeping 100 cm source-to-surface (water) distance. The dosimetric parameters, for example, \"Ds,\" \"dmax,\" and difference of PDD (maximum air gap vs. nil air gap), were analyzed from the obtained PDD curves. Results: Compared to ideal conditions of full contact of bolus with water surface, it has been found that there is a reduction in \"Ds\" ranging from 14.8% to 3.2%, 14.9% to 1.1%, and 12.6% to 0.7% with the increase of field size for 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm thickness of gel boluses, respectively, for maximum air gap. The \"dmax\" shows a trend of moving away from the treatment surface, and the maximum shift was observed for smaller field size with thicker bolus and greater air gap. The effect of air gap on PDD is minimal (≤1%) beyond 0.4 cm depth for all bolus thicknesses and field sizes except for 5 cm × 5 cm with 1.5 cm bolus thickness. Conclusions: The measured data can be used to predict the probable effect on therapeutic outcome due to the presence of inevitable air gaps between the bolus and the treatment surface.

Aim: A tissue-equivalent bolus of sufficient thickness is used to overcome build up effect to the chest wall region of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) patients with tangential technique till Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Grade 2 (dry desquamation) skin reaction is observed. The aim of this study is to optimize surface dose delivered to chest wall in three-dimensional radiotherapy using EBT3 film. Materials and Methods: Measurements were conducted with calibrated EBT3 films with thorax phantom under \"open beam, Superflab gel (0.5 cm) and brass bolus conditions to check correlation against TPS planned doses. Eighty-two patients who received 50 Gy in 25# were randomly assigned to Group A (Superflab 0.5 cm gel bolus for first 15 fractions followed by no bolus in remaining 10 fractions), Group B or Group C (Superflab 0.5 cm gel or single layer brass bolus, respectively, till reaching RTOG Grade 2 skin toxicity). Results: Phantom measured and TPS calculated surface doses were within − 5.5%, 4.7%, and 8.6% under open beam, 0.5 cm gel, and single layer of brass bolus applications, respectively. The overall surface doses (OSD) were 80.1% ±2.9% (n = 28), 92.6% ±4.6% (n = 28), and 87.4% ±4.7% (n = 26) in Group A, B, and C, respectively. At the end of treatment, 7 out of 28; 13 out of 28; and 9 out of 26 patients developed Grade 2 skin toxicity having the OSD value of 83.0% ±1.6% (n = 7); 93.7% ±3.2% (n = 13); and 89.9% ±5.6% (n = 9) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. At the 20th-23rd fraction, 2 out of 7; 6 out of 13; and 4 out of 9 patients in Groups A, B, and C developed a Grade 2 skin toxicity, while the remaining patients in each group developed at the end of treatment. Conclusions: Our objective to estimate the occurrence of optimal dose limit for bolus applications in PMRT could be achieved using clinical EBT3 film dosimetry. This study ensured correct dose to scar area to protect cosmetic effects. This may also serve as quality assurance on optimal dose delivery for expected local control in these patients.

Abamectin is an insecticidal/miticidal compound derived from the soil bacterium “Streptomyces avermitilis”. Abamectin toxicity in humans is very rare. We present a case of acute neurotoxicity induced by Abamectin, showcasing distinctive MRI brain findings in a 33-year-old female who exhibited a favourable recovery with the aid of supportive care. In a patient with known exposure to toxins, even with a lack of knowledge of the specific type or class of toxin, recognition of anatomical distribution of lesions on brain MRI and their characteristic appearance can help exclude other causes of neurologic impairment and aid in timely management.

There has been an accelerated surge to utilize the deep neural network for decoding central and peripheral activations of the human's nervous system to boost up the spatiotemporal resolution of neural interfaces used in neurorobotics. Such algorithmic solutions are motivated for use in human-centered robotic systems, such as neurorehabilitation, prosthetics, and exoskeletons. These methods are proved to achieve higher accuracy on individual data when compared with the conventional machine learning methods but are also challenged by their assumption of having access to massive training samples. Objective: In this letter, we propose Dilated Efficient CapsNet to improve the predictive performance when the available individual data is very minimum and not enough to train an individualized network for controlling a personalized robotic system. Method: We proposed the concept of transfer learning using a new design of the dilated efficient capsular neural network to relax the need of having access to massive individual data and utilize the field knowledge which can be learned from a group of participants. In addition, instead of using complete sEMG signals, we only use the transient phase, reducing the volume of training samples to 20\\% of the original and maximizing the agility. Results: In experiments, we validate our model performance with various amounts of injected personalized training data (25%-100% of transient phase) that is segmented once by time and once by repetition. The results of this paper support the use of transfer learning using a dilated capsular neural network and show that with the use of such a model, the knowledge domain learned on a small number of subjects can be utilized to minimize the need for new data of new subjects while focusing only on the transient phase of contraction (which is a challenging neural interfacing problem). Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Array signal processing is an important branch of signal processing and has attracted a lot of research. The direction of arrival (DOA) estimation is one of the important applications of array signal processing. However, there is a limit on the number of signal sources that an array can identify. In the recent past, there has been an extensive research to increase the number of sources that a given array can identify and to enhance the performance of direction finding algorithms. In this regard, in order to identify more sources than the antennas, coprime array was recently proposed. Also, there are several direction finding algorithms which have been used extensively. One of them is the Multi-Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. However, MUSIC algorithm fails when the signals sources are correlated or coherent to each other. Hence, a pre-processing scheme known as Spatial Smoothing is applied when the incoming signals are correlated or coherent. However, both the coprime array and the Spatial Smoothing MUSIC algorithm can been further enhanced to obtain better and desirable results. In this research, firstly, a modified structure of the coprime array is proposed which has an increased number of Degrees-of-freedom (DOF’s), which in turn increases the number of signal sources that can be identified. The proposed structure has the same number of antennas as the conventional coprime array. Secondly, forward Spatial smoothing is investigated to see if it can be applied to non-uniform antennas. The proposed method shows a better performance than the conventional method, even though the number of signals identified remains the same. The simulation results reflect our claims. Finally, the forward-backward spatial smoothing is discussed, which is an extension of the forward spatial smoothing. The analysis of the singularity of the algorithm is carried out and certain conditions are proposed. If the proposed conditions are satisfied, the K signal sources can be identified by using only 3K/2 antennas. The proposed conditions are supported by numerical results.