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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is being investigated for a number of psychiatric indications, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preclinical studies continue to be a cornerstone for the development of new DBS applications. We investigate whether DBS delivered to the infralimbic cortex (IL), a region involved in mechanisms of stress resiliency, may counter behavioral abnormalities in rats that present persistent extinction deficits and long-term anxiety after exposure to fear conditioning. Rats undergoing fear conditioning/extinction were segregated into weak and strong extinction groups (WE >70% or SE <30% of freezing during extinction). Following 2 weeks of DBS, animals were exposed to novel recall sessions and tested in the open field, novelty-suppressed feeding, and elevated plus maze. zif268 expression was measured in structures involved in mechanisms of fear and stress. In vivo electrophysiology was used to record activity from the basolateral amygdala (BLA). We found that DBS improved extinction deficits and anxiety-like behavior in WE animals, having no significant effects in SE rats. No major differences in absolute zif268 levels were recorded across groups. However, correlation between zif268 expression in the IL and BLA was disrupted in WE animals, a deficit that was countered by DBS treatment. Electrophysiology experiments have shown that DBS reduced BLA firing of both putative principal cells and interneurons in WE rats, with no significant differences being detected between SE and SE DBS animals. In summary, IL DBS mitigated fear, partially improved anxiety-like behavior, reversed neurocircuitry abnormalities, and reduced BLA cell firing in a preclinical model of PTSD.

In an increasingly interconnected world, the impact of localized crises such as wars, natural disasters, and financial downturns often impact organizations all around the globe, affecting economic stability, social structures, and political landscapes. Despite the pervasive nature of these crises, their primary impacts often remain concentrated in specific regions or nations impacting limited number of local companies and organizations. This localized intensity of crises presents both a challenge and an opportunity to explore strategic organizational management solutions that transcend national boundaries. Globalization has reshaped the landscape of international trade, investment, and cultural exchange, creating an intricate web of interdependencies among nations and corporations. This global network has the potential to function as a buffer against the shocks of localized crises by redistributing resources, sharing risks, and maintaining operational continuities through cross-border collaborations and supply chains. The principle of diversification, central to risk management, is inherently enhanced by globalization, allowing for a more robust response to local disruptions. This article aims to critically analyse the role of globalization in crisis management. It explores how the strategic use of global networks and international integration can help mitigate the effects of localized crises, thus supporting the stability and resilience of global systems. By examining empirical data and case studies, this study seeks to provide insights into how globalized approaches can be effectively leveraged to not only manage but potentially pre-empt crisis situations. This article investigates the potential of globalization as a strategic tool for crisis management for organizations of different size. It examines how global integration of markets and operations can help organizations mitigate the impacts of localized crises such as wars, natural disasters, and financial downturns. The research synthesizes data from case studies and empirical research, focusing on the responsiveness of globalized networks during crises. It evaluates the performance of corporations in crisis scenarios. Findings indicate that globalized entities often experience enhanced resilience during localized crises due to diversified risks, access to a broader resource pool, and increased operational flexibility. The analysis highlights several instances where international cooperation and global market access have significantly mitigated the effects of localized adverse events. The study suggests that globalization, when effectively managed and strategically implemented, can serve as a vital component of crisis management frameworks for organizations of different types. It recommends that business leaders consider further integration of globalization strategies into their overall crisis mitigation plans to enhance resilience and sustainability of their organizations.

Although medications and psychotherapy are often effective for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 20-30% of patients do not respond to these conventional therapies. In psychiatry, DBS has been either approved or is currently under investigation for different disorders. At present, whether DBS may be used to treat PTSD remains unknown. Preclinical research may provide the scientific rationale for helping conceive and further improve such trials. Some of the animal models commonly used to date are more suitable for investigating mechanisms of anxiety and fear than the long-lasting behavior that characterized PTSD. That said, mechanisms and neurocircuits involved in paradigms such as fear conditioning and extinction share several common features with those of PTSD. In this article, we review preclinical studies in which electrical stimulation has been delivered to animal models of PTSD-like behavior. In those studies, commonly targeted regions were the basolateral amygdala, ventral striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Overall, stimulation delivered at high frequencies to most of these targets improved fear extinction and anxiety-like behavior. Though further research is certainly needed, promising findings from DBS studies in animals are encouraging and suggest a positive future perspective for the field.

Considerable progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, up to 30% of patients fail to achieve meaningful relief despite multiple treatment attempts. Animal models play an important role in the development of new treatment strategies. This thesis describes a preclinical model of PTSD in which animals displaying impaired fear extinction also exhibit behavioural and endocrine abnormalities similar to those described in PTSD. The model is then implemented to examine the translational potential of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of PTSD. A frontline pharmacological intervention, Fluoxetine, is also tested using the model. Chronic DBS of the infralimbic cortex, but not acute DBS or chronic Fluoxetine, was shown to attenuate fear expression to a conditioned aversive cue and reduce anxiety behaviours in PTSD-like rats. These findings demonstrate the translational potential of DBS for the treatment of severe, intractable PTSD.

The measurement of the magnetic field induction in the railgun channel was carried out. The influence of the conductivity of the rail material on the efficiency of magnetic field generation using external coils was evaluated. The distribution of the pulsed magnetic field corresponding to the experimental conditions is calculated. The evaluation of the applicability of the used model for the simulation of railgun for various types of boundary conditions in the passive circuit was carried out.

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una enfermedad infecciosa aguda. La inflamación del sistema respiratorio inferior, el intersticio y la microvasculatura, principalmente de etiología bacteriana, es un signo patológico típico de esta enfermedad. Es una de las principales causas de muerte por enfermedades infecciosas. La encuesta se realizó dentro del proyecto de investigación multicéntrico KNOCAP (el nombre completo del proyecto \"La evaluación del conocimiento de los estudiantes y los médicos sobre los aspectos básicos de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad\"). Evaluamos el conocimiento y las preferencias de los médicos y 85 estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Investigación de Belgorod que se especializan en Medicina, encuestándolos dos veces, antes y después de la realización de actividades educativas. La primera etapa del proyecto se llevó a cabo entre 2017-2018, la segunda, entre 2018-2019. Las actividades educativas se llevaron a cabo durante el proceso educativo (en particular, durante el curso de farmacología clínica). La mayor dificultad en responder correctamente fue en las siguientes preguntas: la elección del criterio principal para la terminación de la terapia antimicrobiana (AMT); la elección del signo diagnóstico principal al examinar a un paciente con CAP; la elección del criterio para la confirmación del diagnóstico de CAP. Este estudio contribuye significativamente al desarrollo del sistema práctico de atención médica, ya que permite identificar \"puntos débiles\" y mejorar la calidad de las prácticas del manejo de los pacientes con CAP. Es necesario realizar más estudios sobre este tema, ya que el sistema de atención médica actual está experimentando cambios y se publican nuevas pautas clínicas.