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Aiming at the problems of a fragile ecological environment, water shortage and system uncertainty in inland arid irrigation districts in Xinjiang, this study takes sustainable development as the guide, selects the Tailan River Irrigation District in Xinjiang as an example, and constructs a multi-objective optimal allocation model of agricultural water and soil resources in irrigation districts driven by water–carbon–economy synergy. The model aims to minimise irrigation water shortage, maximise crop carbon absorption and maximise economic benefits. By comparing six multi-objective algorithms such as APSEA, CMEGL, DCNSGA-III, DRLOS-EMCMO, MOEA/D-CMT and θ-DEA-CPBI, the optimal is selected based on the hypervolume (HV) index. The surface water, groundwater and crop-planting structure of five decision-making units in the irrigation district from 2021 to 2024 were optimised. Further, combined with the entropy weight–TOPSIS coupling-coordination comprehensive-evaluation model, the scheme evaluation system is constructed to screen the optimal configuration scheme of each year and unit. The results show that the MOEA/D-CMT algorithm has the highest HV value in each unit model over the years, which is the best solution algorithm for the model in this paper. The comprehensive evaluation value and coupling coordination degree of the optimal scheme of each unit fluctuate between years, and the difference between units is significant. Compared with the original planting and water source allocation scheme of the irrigation district from 2021 to 2024, the overall planting area of the optimised irrigation district is moderately reduced, forming an optimised pattern of ‘cotton pressure, grain expansion, economic increase and strong forest’; after optimization, the overall water shortage in the irrigation district is reduced by 1.4~11 million m3; the total amount of crop carbon absorption increased by 90.3~128.8 million kg; the net economic benefits increased by CNY 21.5~68.2 million. The research can provide decision support for the optimisation of the water and soil resource system in arid irrigation districts and has a scientific reference value for promoting the sustainable development and modernisation of agriculture in the inland irrigation districts of Northwest China.

Xinjiang is located in an inland arid area, and it faces significant challenges in water resource supply and demand, with a fragile ecological environment. Exploring the internal relationship between the time–space distribution of agricultural water–soil matching and the evolution of the ecosystem service value (ESV) in the Tailan River Irrigation District of Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020, this study provides theoretical guidance for the balance of agricultural water–soil resources and the healthy and sustainable development of the ecological environment in the irrigation district. By integrating the water–soil matching coefficient and the equivalent factor method, the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural water–soil matching and the spatiotemporal evolution of the ESV under the change of land use (LU) in the irrigation district are analyzed. Based on the Pearson correlation, the trade-off synergy between the two is explored. The results show that the following occurred in the past 20 years: (1) Grassland and dryland are the two categories of land with the biggest transfer-out and transfer-in areas in the Tailan River Irrigation District, and the conversion areas are mostly in Jiamu Town and Guleawati Township. (2) The area and reclamation rate of the irrigation district increased gradually, among which the highest reclamation rate was 85.93% in Kezile Town and the lowest was 76.37% in Guleawati Township. The average Gini coefficient of agricultural water–soil in the irrigation district is 0.118, which is absolutely fair. (3) Kezile Town has the highest agricultural water consumption, but the matching of agricultural water–soil always fluctuates between the best and the worst. The agricultural water consumption in Communist Youth League Town is the lowest, but the matching of agricultural water–soil has remained the best for many years. (4) The ESV of the irrigation district showed an overall increasing trend, from CNY 243 million in 2000 to CNY 678 million in 2020; in addition, soil conservation, hydrological regulation, grassland, and dryland contributed the most to ESV in each period. (5) There was a significant trade-off relationship between agricultural water–soil matching and ecosystem services in the Tailan River Irrigation District, while there was a significant synergistic relationship between ecosystem services.

To solve the problems of rotor position estimation error caused by the installation deviation of Hall sensors and the increase in yarn amount detection error in complex environments, resulting in speed fluctuations and unstable yarn feeding in the traditional permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system for yarn feeder, a control method for yarn amount in yarn feeder PMSMs based on an improved dual second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI) and Kalman filter is proposed. Firstly, in order to reduce the influence of installation deviation of Hall sensors, the three-phase Hall signals are converted into two-phase orthogonal Hall vector signals. An improved DSOGI is used to filter out high-order harmonic components and specific harmonic components in the Hall vector signals, and a cross-coupled structure is constructed to further enhance the fundamental component and suppress high-order harmonic components of negative coefficients. Then, accurate motor rotor position information is extracted by a quadrature phase-locked loop; secondly, in order to obtain accurate information on yarn amount, a system state model based on yarn amount and its rate of change is established, and Kalman filtering is used for optimal estimation of the yarn amount; finally, the above methods are integrated into the PMSM control system of the yarn feeder. Experimental results show that, compared with traditional methods, the PMSM control system of the yarn feeder using the method proposed in this paper has a shorter startup time and smaller steady-state error in motor speed and yarn amount when conveying yarn at a constant speed; when transporting yarn at variable speed, the motor speed and yarn amount settling time are shorter, and the peak deviation is smaller.

Testosterone (T) produced by Leydig cells (LCs) is essential for male reproduction; yet, the regulatory mechanisms underlying steroidogenesis remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the role of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3) in Leydig cell development and steroidogenesis, based on its identification by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) as a protein associated with steroidogenesis and cholesterol metabolism in mouse testicular tissue. Using human samples, we found that CDK5RAP3 expression was significantly reduced in Leydig cells from patients with spermatogenic failure (T < 10.4 nmol/L). Notably, CDK5RAP3 expression increased during mouse postnatal Leydig cell maturation and regeneration in an ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS)-induced rat model. Functional analyses in primary LCs and MLTC-1 cells showed that hCG stimulation triggered CDK5RAP3 nuclear translocation without altering its overall expression, while CDK5RAP3 knockdown markedly impaired hCG-induced testosterone production and reduced the expression of the steroidogenic regulator steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein, as well as key steroidgenic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), 17a-hydroxylase (CYP17A1), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B). Conversely, CDK5RAP3 overexpression enhanced testosterone production in the absence of hCG. In vivo, AAV2/9-mediated CDK5RAP3 silencing in adult mouse testes resulted in a significant reduction in serum testosterone levels compared with controls (3.60 ± 0.38 ng/mL vs. 1.83 ± 0.37 ng/mL). Mechanistically, CDK5RAP3 interacted with SMAD4 and CEBPB, and BMP pathway inhibition by Noggin rescued the testosterone deficit caused by CDK5RAP3 loss. Together, these findings identify CDK5RAP3 as an essential regulator of Leydig cell steroidogenesis and provide insight into its potential relevance to male infertility associated with low testosterone.

Composites with excellent thermomechanical and thermochemical properties are urgently needed in the aerospace field, especially for structural applications under high-temperature conditions. Carbon fiber-reinforced Si-based composites are considered the most promising potential high-temperature materials due to their excellent oxidation resistance and ablative behaviors, good structural designability, and excellent mechanical properties. The reinforcement of the relevant composites mainly involves carbon fiber, which possesses good mechanical and temperature resistance abilities. In this paper, the ablation behaviors and mechanisms of related composites are reviewed. For carbon fiber-reinforced pure Si-based composites (C/SiM composites), the anti-ablation mechanism is mainly attributed to the continuous glassy SiO2, which inhibits the damage of the substrate. For C/SiM composite doping with refractory metal compounds, the oxides of Si and refractory metal together protect the main substrate from ablation and oxidation. Moreover, in addition to thermochemical damage, thermophysical and thermomechanical behavior severely destroy the surface coating of the substrate.

Background The objective of this study was to develop and validate a dynamic nomogram for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following laparoscopic procedures. Methods Clinical data were prospectively collected from adult patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures between March 10, 2025, and May 22, 2025. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were used to develop a dynamic nomogram for predicting PONV. Variable screening and predictor selection were performed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, followed by refinement through multivariable logistic regression to construct the nomogram. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to objectively quantify the discriminative ability of the model. Internal validation was performed using bootstrapping, and model performance was further evaluated using calibration and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results Of the 413 patients enrolled, 127 (30.8%) developed PONV within 24 h postoperatively. A nomogram incorporating six predictors was developed. The AUC of the prediction model was 0.704 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.648‒0.759), and internal validation using bootstrapping was 0.728 (95% CI: 0.674‒0.782). The model demonstrated good calibration, and the DCA revealed a satisfactory net benefit for patients when the probability threshold ranged from 0.12 to 0.54. This indicates the model’s clinical utility for supporting personalized decision-making. Conclusions We developed a dynamic nomogram for PONV risk prediction in laparoscopic surgery, demonstrating its adequate performance and providing intuitive clinical decision support. Trial registration The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration No: ChiCTR2500098281; Date: March 05, 2025).

Background/Objectives: Sex-specific differences in the mechanisms of acute liver injury remain poorly understood. CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3) is crucial for liver development and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate sex-dependent changes in CDK5RAP3 expression in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury model and to explore the mechanisms underlying differential susceptibility between males and females. Methods: Acute liver injury was induced in male and female mice by CCl4 administration. Liver injury was evaluated by serum biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis. CDK5RAP3 expression, inflammatory cytokines, and ER stress-related apoptotic markers were assessed. Hepatocyte apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining. In addition, CDK5RAP3 was conditionally deleted in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using 4-hydroxytamoxifen to assess its direct role in regulating inflammatory and apoptotic responses in vitro. Results: CCl4 exposure caused liver injury in both sexes, with male mice showing more severe biochemical and histological damage. CDK5RAP3 expression was significantly reduced after CCl4 treatment, particularly in males. Inflammatory mediators and ER stress-associated apoptotic markers were upregulated, accompanied by increased hepatocyte apoptosis. A similar enhancement of inflammatory and apoptotic signaling was observed in CDK5RAP3-deficient MEFs. Conclusions: Downregulation of CDK5RAP3 is associated with ER stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, contributing to increased susceptibility of male mice to acute liver injury. These findings provide insight into sex-specific mechanisms of hepatic injury and highlight CDK5RAP3 as a potential therapeutic target.

Objective The primary objective of this research was to investigate the occurrence rate and independent risk factors associated with emergence delirium (ED) in elderly patients undergoing orthopedic procedures with general anesthesia, providing a basis for clinical prevention and intervention. Methods Elderly individuals (age ≥65 years) undergoing orthopedic procedures under general anesthesia with subsequent post‐anesthesia care unit (PACU) admission were included in this secondary analysis of a prospective observational study. ED was assessed at 10 and 30 min after PACU admission and immediately before discharge using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale. Univariate logistic regression was first employed to screen potential risk factors, after which multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine independent risk factors. Results ED was observed in 85 individuals, accounting for 35.1% of the 242 patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of urinary catheters (odds ratio [OR] 4.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.08–8.91), age (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08–1.20), postoperative numerical rating scale score (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.08–1.73), and fasting times for solids (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.19) were independent risk factors for ED. The multivariate model demonstrated acceptable discrimination with an area under the curve of 0.77 and excellent calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test, p = 0.637). Conclusion ED represents a common complication following general anesthesia in elderly orthopedic patients. Some risk factors, including the presence of urinary catheters, prolonged fasting times for solids, advanced age, and postoperative pain, can increase the incidence of ED. Perhaps we can reduce the occurrence of ED through multimodal clinical strategies. Emergence delirium occurred in 35.1% of elderly orthopedic patients post‐anesthesia. Independent risk factors were the presence of urinary catheters, prolonged fasting times for solids, advanced age, and postoperative pain. This study suggests that multimodal strategies targeting these modifiable factors could provide a basis for clinical prevention and intervention.

Developing sustainable and molecularly selective adsorbents for heavy-metal removal remains a critical challenge in water purification. Herein, we report a green molecular-engineering approach for fabricating aza-crown ether functionalized sodium alginate aerogels (ACSA) capable of highly selective Cu2+ capture. The aerogels were synthesized via saccharide-ring oxidation, Cu2+-templated self-assembly, and reductive amination, enabling the covalent integration of aza-crown ether motifs within a hierarchically porous biopolymer matrix. Structural analyses (FTIR, 13C NMR, XPS, SEM, TGA) confirmed the in situ formation of macrocyclic N/O coordination sites. Owing to their interconnected porosity and chemically stable framework, ACSA exhibited rapid sorption kinetics following a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.999) and a Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of 150.82 mg·g−1. The material displayed remarkable Cu2+ selectivity over Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+, arising from the precise alignment between Cu2+ ionic radius (0.73 Å) and crown-cavity dimensions, synergistic N/O chelation, and Jahn-Teller stabilization. Over four regeneration cycles, ACSA retained more than 80% of its original adsorption capacity, confirming excellent durability and reusability. This saccharide-ring modification strategy eliminates crown-ether leaching and weak anchoring, offering a scalable and environmentally benign route to bio-based adsorbents that combine molecular recognition with structural stability for efficient Cu2+ remediation and beyond.

Background/Objectives: Sex-specific differences in the mechanisms of acute liver injury remain poorly understood. CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3) is crucial for liver development and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate sex-dependent changes in CDK5RAP3 expression in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl[sub.4])-induced acute liver injury model and to explore the mechanisms underlying differential susceptibility between males and females. Methods: Acute liver injury was induced in male and female mice by CCl[sub.4] administration. Liver injury was evaluated by serum biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis. CDK5RAP3 expression, inflammatory cytokines, and ER stress-related apoptotic markers were assessed. Hepatocyte apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining. In addition, CDK5RAP3 was conditionally deleted in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using 4-hydroxytamoxifen to assess its direct role in regulating inflammatory and apoptotic responses in vitro. Results: CCl[sub.4] exposure caused liver injury in both sexes, with male mice showing more severe biochemical and histological damage. CDK5RAP3 expression was significantly reduced after CCl[sub.4] treatment, particularly in males. Inflammatory mediators and ER stress-associated apoptotic markers were upregulated, accompanied by increased hepatocyte apoptosis. A similar enhancement of inflammatory and apoptotic signaling was observed in CDK5RAP3-deficient MEFs. Conclusions: Downregulation of CDK5RAP3 is associated with ER stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, contributing to increased susceptibility of male mice to acute liver injury. These findings provide insight into sex-specific mechanisms of hepatic injury and highlight CDK5RAP3 as a potential therapeutic target.