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(1) Background: As digital technology continues to reshape visual landscapes, understanding how design elements influence customer experience has become essential. Eye-tracking technology offers a powerful, quantitative approach to assessing visibility, aesthetics, and design components, providing unique insights into visual engagement. (2) Methods: This paper presents a systematic review of eye-tracking methodologies applied in design research. Thirty studies were selected for analysis from recognized academic databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Employing the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) framework, this review focused on experimental studies in visual communication and new media design that utilized visual symbols for communication and leveraged new media technologies. (3) Results: The findings corroborated that eye-tracking technology offers in-depth insights into gaze patterns, visual perception, and attention, which can inform design strategies. This review shows that assessing visual designs based on eye-tracking data can enhance consumer-centered interfaces, better align with user preferences, and foster more engaged behaviors in both digital and physical environments. (4) Conclusions: This review deepens our understanding of the cognitive and emotional processes underlying visual engagement. It also suggests new avenues for integrating diverse eye-tracking metrics into design evaluation, offering practical applications for improving design strategies and advancing the field of design research.

Micro‐/nanorobots have tremendous potential in biomedical applications, as they efficiently and accurately perform local diagnosis and targeted therapy. A magnetic field provides a wireless mean to drive and control micro/nanorobots. This method requires no fuel and is convenient for debugging, reconfiguration, and programmability; it is recyclable and allows nondestructive penetration of biological tissue. The successful integration of well‐designed robots, remote actuation systems, and imaging techniques has become a crucial step toward biomedical applications, particularly in vivo implementations. Herein, the fabrication methods of micro/nanorobots are examined, the driving mechanism of magnetic micro/nanorobots is explained, and the development of micro/nanorobots as transport tools to load and deliver drugs, biological reagents, and live cells is traced. Applications of these micro/nanorobots are expanding as surgical tools for sample collection, ophthalmic surgery, and biofilm degradation and as tools for in vivo and in vitro imaging relying on light, sound, and magnetism. Finally, the challenges faced by micro/nanorobots in in vivo applications and their future prospects are discussed. Micro‐/nanorobots enter the body in a minimally invasive way to treat diseases, which provides a new idea for the development of modern biomedicine. Herein, the fabrication of micro/nanorobots, the motion mechanism driven by the magnetic field, and the latest progress in medical application are discussed. The future development and challenges of micro/nanorobots are further prospected.

Background This study aimed to analyze the associations and substitutability of multi-parametric MRI images in glioblastoma (Gb) using the radiomics method. Methods Utilizing the University of Pennsylvania Health System Glioblastoma dataset from The Cancer Imaging Archive, we extracted quantitative features from T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (T2-FLAIR), and post-contrast T1-weighted (T1-Gd) images. Feature associations were assessed using Spearman rank correlation with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. The substitution analysis was subsequently performed by developing prognostic signatures based on individual MRI sequences and then evaluating the performance of substituted signatures, wherein features from one sequence were replaced by their counterparts from another. Discriminative power was evaluated by the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC). Results Significant feature associations were observed across different MRI sequences. The strongest correlation was identified between T2-weighted and T2-FLAIR images, where 93% of features were significantly and positively correlated (mean absolute correlation coefficient [CC]: 0.57 ± 0.21). A substantial association was also noted between T1-weighted and T1-Gd images, with 86% of features significantly correlated (mean absolute CC: 0.49 ± 0.23). The correlation between T2-weighted and T1-Gd images was less pronounced (75% of features; mean absolute CC: 0.44). In the substitution analysis for prognostication, a signature based on T1-weighted images achieved an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.60–0.84). Replacing its features with those from T2-weighted images resulted in a signature with a slightly lower AUC of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.51–0.77), a modest difference of 0.08 (95% CI, -0.05–0.21). Conversely, substituting features from a T2-weighted image-based signature with their T1-Gd counterparts resulted in a more substantial decrease in AUC (difference: 0.10, 95% CI, -0.05–0.25). Conclusions Our radiomics analysis indicated potential substantial information redundancy among certain multi-parametric MRI sequences for Gb characterization, particularly between T2-weighted and T2-FLAIR images. Nevertheless, sequences providing unique pathophysiological contrast, such as T1-Gd, appeared to hold distinct prognostic value that was not substituted. While these findings suggested the feasibility of abbreviated multi-parametric MR protocols for specific radiomics applications, they simultaneously underscored that rigorous, task-specific validation was an indispensable prerequisite for any consideration of widespread clinical adoption.

Background To improve equity in medical insurance benefits, the Chinese government integrated the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme for rural residents and the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance for nonworking urban residents into a unified Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance system (URRBMI). This study aims to assess income-related mobility in medical insurance benefits before and after the integration of the two schemes, and to explore its contribution to improving medical insurance equity. Methods The panel data were obtained from the 2011 and 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, with 9,662 participants. To assess the benefits residents received from medical insurance, four indicators were analyzed for outpatient and inpatient care respectively: benefit rate, benefit probability, compensation fee, and reimbursement probability. The concentration index (CI) was used to measure the income-related inequality of medical insurance benefits. Changes in inequality across the two waves were decomposed into income-related benefit mobility and benefit-related income mobility, which reflect variations in relative benefit changes among individuals with different initial income levels, capturing the effect of integration on benefit inequality. Results Results indicated a significant increase in all medical insurance benefit measures following integration, except for outpatient care benefit probability and inpatient care reimbursement probability. The CIs shifted from positive in 2011 to negative in 2018 (0.129 vs. −0.052 for the benefit rate, 0.147 vs. −0.044 for the benefit probability, and 0.148 vs. −0.097 for the reimbursement probability, p  < 0.001). The income-related mobility for inpatient care (benefit rate, benefit probability, and compensation amount) were positive when the average benefit level increased across the two waves. In contrast, no statistically significant difference was observed in outpatient benefit mobility. Conclusions The findings indicated that income-related inequalities in medical insurance benefits were narrowed due to pro-poor changes in inpatient care equity for inpatient care after integration. This integration has contributed to building a more equitable healthcare system. However, further efforts are needed to expand outpatient benefit coverage in the integrated URRBMI scheme.

Background Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. Based on the inherent characteristics of X-ray and γ-ray radiation techniques, we propose and investigate an innovative dual-modality radiation system incorporating both X-ray and γ-ray modalities. This study compares the quality of radiation treatment plans for patients with CC, generated using the dual-modality (TaiChi) system and a conventional LINAC X-ray system. Methods Retrospective treatment plans using volumetric modulated arc therapy were selected for 12 patients with CC. Dual-modality plans were developed for these patients. All patients had the same prescription dose of 50 Gy/25 fractions for planning tumor volume (PTV) and 60 Gy/25 fractions for PTV-nd. The dose conformity index (CI) and gradient index (GI) were calculated to evaluate the dose coverage and drop for the target. The dose indices, Dmean, Dmax, and Dmin, were calculated for both the target and organs at risk (OARs). Results Both strategies generated dosimetrically acceptable plans. For both PTV-nd and PTV, the plans of TaiChi demonstrated higher CI values (PTV-nd: 0.68 ± 0.11 vs. 0.57 ± 0.22, P-value  = 0.1375; PTV: 0.91 ± 0.02 vs. 0.90 ± 0.02, P-value  = 0.1053) and lower GI values (PTV-nd: 280.62 ± 302.86 vs. 300.65 ± 317.83, P -value = 0.0094; PTV: 3.36 ± 0.22 vs. 3.66 ± 0.32, P-value  = 0.0015) compared with the plans of the conventional LINAC system. For both PTV-nd and PTV, the TaiChi plans exhibited superior dosimetric indices compared to the LINAC plans. Specifically, the Dmax (78.27±5.20 Gy vs. 66.61±1.51 Gy) and Dmean (66.85±1.61 Gy vs. 63.22±1.03 Gy) of the TaiChi plans were significantly higher than those of the LINAC plans. Although the Dmin (61.06±0.52 Gy vs. 60.46±1.33 Gy) of the TaiChi plans was also higher than that of the LINAC plans, the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, TaiChi plans significantly reduced radiation exposure to OARs compared to LINAC plans, demonstrating improved organ protection. This was particularly evident for the spinal cord PRV, with the TaiChi plans yielding a maximum dose of 23.61±2.80 Gy, compared to 29.85±3.23 Gy for the LINAC plans ( P -value = 0.0005). Conclusions The dual-modality system has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes in CC by optimizing tumor coverage while reducing toxicity. Future clinical trials should assess its impact on patient survival and treatment-related side effects to bridge the gap between dosimetric improvements and clinical application.

Introduction: Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) (Sanghuang) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine fungus, and its natural products have great potential for clinical application in immune enhancement. This study aimed to explore the immune-enhancing activity and underlying mechanisms of the polysaccharides and flavonoids derived from Phellinus igniarius ( P. igniarius ) and to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of novel drugs. Methods: Wild P. igniarius YASH1 from the Loess Plateau in Yan’an region was collected, and polysaccharides and total flavonoids were extracted, isolated and identified from mycelium and sporophore. In vitro antioxidant activity was detected through the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals and total antioxidant capacity. Cell Counting Kit-8 and trypan blue detection kit were used to detect the effect of extract polysaccharides and flavonoids on the proliferation and phagocytosis ability of immune cells. To assess the effect of the drugs on cytokine secretion by immune cells and immune recovery in immunocompromised mice, the expression of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were examined at the cellular and animal levels. The species composition, abundance of gut microbiota and the altered content of short-chain fatty acids in the feces were analyzed to elucidate the possible mechanisms of drugs by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplifiers sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Both polysaccharides and flavonoids derived from mycelium or sporophore had antioxidant activity and may stimulate the expression and secretion of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ in immune cells while inhibiting TNF-α expression and secretion and increasing IL-2, IL-6, and IFN- γ expression levels in mice. Furthermore, polysaccharides and flavonoids from mycelium and sporophore showed different effects on the metabolic response of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mice, and the use of these drugs remarkably changed the species composition and abundance of intestinal flora in mice. Discussion: Polysaccharides and flavonoids from P. igniarius YASH1 mycelium and sporophore have in vitro antioxidant activity, and they affect the promotion of cell proliferation, stimulation of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ secretion, and inhibition of TNF-α expression in immune cells. Polysaccharides and flavonoids from P. igniarius YASH1 may enhance immunity in immunocompromised mice and remarkably affect the intestinal flora and content of SCFAs.

Background This study aimed to explore the association between ideal cardiovascular health metrics (ICVHM) and arthritis (AR), as well as the interactions of various indicators in ICVHM on AR in US adults. Methods We involved 17,041 participants who were interviewed by NHANES from 2011 to 2018. AR included osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriatic arthritis and other arthritis (Other AR). Logistic regression was applied to analyze the association between AR and ICVHM. Mixed graphical model (MGM) was used to explore the interaction between variables in ICVHM. Results Higher ICVHM scores had a protective effect on AR. Compared to “≤1” score, the ORs of AR in participants with 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 were 0.586, 0.472, 0.259, and 0.130, respectively. Similar results were also found in different types of AR. ICVHM has a maximum area under the curve value of 0.765 and the interaction between blood pressure and total cholesterol was 0.43. Conclusions ICVHM correlates significantly with AR and is better at identifying AR than individual indicators. ICVHM can be better improved by controlling the indicators with stronger interactions. Our findings provide guidance for promoting health factors, which have important implications for identification and prevention of AR.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a zoonotic disease with high mortality. Almost 90% of global cases of HFRS are induced by Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection. Although lymphocyte dysfunction is a critical factor in HFRS progression, the specific immune dynamics of HTNV remain unexplored, and current analyses predominantly depend on single-time point sampling. Therefore, comprehensive longitudinal studies are needed to characterize circulating lymphocyte dynamics during HTNV-induced HFRS progression. In this study, we conducted a flow cytometric analysis of circulating lymphocytes in 39 patients with HTNV-induced HFRS across different clinical phases. The analysis encompassed conventional T cells, unconventional T cells, B cells, NK cells and their respective repertoires. Here, we revealed phase-specific immune patterns: CD8 T, CD8 Tems, and activated CD8 T, MAIT and NKT cells peaked during febrile/oliguric phases before declining in polyuria/recovery, while CD4 T and MAIT cells showed inverse fluctuation patterns. Higher frequencies of CD8 Tem, B, and CD56 NK cells during the febrile phase correlated with severe disease, enabling early risk stratification. Lower CD4 Tcm levels in the oliguric phase marked progression to severe HFRS, indicating potential therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing CD4 Tcm generation or inhibiting effector differentiation. Additionally, CD38 and CD161 expression predicted specific lymphocyte subset dynamics, offering novel biomarkers for immunomodulatory strategies. Our study thus provides the first comprehensive atlas of lymphocyte evolution in HTNV-induced HFRS, connecting immune dysregulation with clinical outcomes.

Background The association between sensory impairment including vision impairment (VI), hearing impairment (HI), dual impairment (DI) and the functional limitations of SCD (SCD-related FL) are still unclear in middle-aged and older people. Methods 162,083 participants from BRFSS in 2019 to 2020 was used in this cross-sectional study. After adjusting the weights, multiple logistic regression was used to study the relationship between sensory impairment and SCD or SCD-related FL. In addition, we performed subgroup analysis on the basis of interaction between sensory impairment and covariates. Results Participants who reported sensory impairment were more likely to report SCD or SCD-related FL compared to those without sensory impairment ( p  < 0.001). The association between dual impairment and SCD-related FL was the strongest, the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were [HI, 2.88 (2.41, 3.43); VI, 3.15(2.61, 3.81); DI, 6.78(5.43, 8.47)] respectively. In addition, subgroup analysis showed that men with sensory impairment were more likely to report SCD-related FL than women, the aORs and 95% CI were [HI, 3.15(2.48, 3.99) vs2.69(2.09, 3.46); VI,3.67(2.79, 4.83) vs. 2.86(2.22, 3.70); DI, 9.07(6.67, 12.35) vs. 5.03(3.72, 6.81)] respectively. The subject of married with dual impairment had a stronger association with SCD-related FL than unmarried subjects the aOR and 95% CI was [9.58(6.69, 13.71) vs. 5.33(4.14, 6.87)]. Conclusions Sensory impairment was strongly associated with SCD and SCD-related FL. Individuals with dual impairment had the greatest possibility to reported SCD-related FL, and the association was stronger for men or married subjects than other subjects.

Background The association between macronutrient intake and diabetes is unclear. We used data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey to explore the association between macronutrient intake trajectories and diabetes risk in this study. Methods We included 6755 participants who did not have diabetes at baseline and participated in at least three surveys. The energy supply ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat was further calculated from dietary data; different macronutrient trajectories were determined using multitrajectory models; and multiple Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between these trajectories and diabetes. Results We found three multitrajectories: decreased low carbohydrate‐increased moderate protein‐increased high fat (DLC‐IMP‐IHF), decreased high carbohydrate‐moderate protein‐increased low fat (DHC‐MP‐ILF), and balanced‐macronutrients (BM). Compared to the BM trajectory, DHC‐MP‐ILF trajectories were significantly associated with increased risk of diabetes (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.228, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.571–6.632), whereas no association between DLC‐IMP‐IHF trajectories and diabetes was found in our study (HR: 0.699, 95% CI: 0.351–1.392). Conclusions The downward trend of high carbohydrate and the increasing trend of low fat increased the risk of diabetes in Chinese adults. Highlights This study explored the multitrajectories of macronutrients in the Chinese adult population over a period of 26 years. The impact of each macronutrient ratio on diabetes was comprehensively considered. More ideas are provided for the prevention of diabetes.