Explore the vast range of titles available.

Perturbations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and amygdala are implicated in the development of anxiety disorders. However, most structural neuroimaging studies of patients with anxiety disorders utilize adult samples, and the few studies in youths examine small samples, primarily with volume-based measures. This study tested the hypothesis that cortical thickness of PFC regions and gray matter volume of the hippocampus and amygdala differ between pediatric anxiety disorder patients and healthy volunteers (HVs). High-resolution 3-Tesla T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired in 151 youths (75 anxious, 76 HV; ages 8-18). Analyses tested associations of brain structure with anxiety diagnosis and severity across both groups, as well as response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in a subset of 53 patients. Cortical thickness was evaluated both within an a priori PFC mask (small-volume corrected) and using an exploratory whole-brain-corrected (p<0.05) approach. Anxious relative to healthy youths exhibited thicker cortex in the left ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) and left precentral gyrus. Both anxiety diagnosis and symptom severity were associated with smaller right hippocampal volume. In patients, thinner cortex in parietal and occipital cortical regions was associated with worse treatment response. Pediatric anxiety was associated with structural differences in vmPFC and hippocampus, regions implicated in emotional processing and in developmental models of anxiety pathophysiology. Parietal and occipital cortical thickness were related to anxiety treatment response but not baseline anxiety.

Inclusion of stakeholder voices in the allocation of research funding can increase the relevance of results and improve community engagement in research. We describe the results of an online survey that gathered input from community stakeholders regarding autism research priorities. A demographically diverse sample of respondents (N = 6004; 79.1% female; 72.5% ages 30–59; 86.4% USA) completed the survey. Results indicated a preference for applied relative to basic science topics, though both basic and applied science areas were rated as important. Respondents gave their highest ratings to research focused on co-occurring conditions, health and well-being, adult transition, and lifespan issues. These results can guide decision-making by public and private funders when developing science funding priorities and engaging in science dissemination activities.

Early behaviors that differentiate later biomarkers for psychopathology can guide preventive efforts while also facilitating pathophysiological research. We tested whether error-related negativity (ERN) moderates the link between early behavior and later psychopathology in two early childhood phenotypes: behavioral inhibition and irritability. From ages 2 to 7 years, children (n = 291) were assessed longitudinally for behavioral inhibition (BI) and irritability. Behavioral inhibition was assessed via maternal report and behavioral responses to novelty. Childhood irritability was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. At age 12, an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while children performed a flanker task to measure ERN, a neural indicator of error monitoring. Clinical assessments of anxiety and irritability were conducted using questionnaires (i.e., Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders and Affective Reactivity Index) and clinical interviews. Error monitoring interacted with early BI and early irritability to predict later psychopathology. Among children with high BI, an enhanced ERN predicted greater social anxiety at age 12. In contrast, children with high childhood irritability and blunted ERN predicted greater irritability at age 12. This converges with previous work and provides novel insight into the specificity of pathways associated with psychopathology.

In a large randomized trial that compares regimens in which brentuximab vedotin replaced bleomycin, the group receiving the brentuximab had a 4.9 percentage-point improvement in modified progression-free survival, less pulmonary toxicity, and more myelotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Historic societies and museums, large and small, are facing the issue of overcrowding within their collection storage spaces. The smaller private museums, and historic houses and societies, often have been growing without the guidance of an accession plan and now find themselves in the position of having a large unwieldy, unfocused collection that has run out of space. The solution should be to inventory what they hold, develop a plan denoting which objects need to be kept in accordance with their mission, deaccession the objects not being kept, and going forward, reevaluate how they collect. This straightforward plan is sometimes too complicated for the part-time and volunteer staff commonly employed by such institutions. The procedure of deaccessioning, or removing an object from a collection, is a legal, fiscal, physical, and ethical challenge. This paper examines the process of deaccessioning historic costumes and textiles through the lens of the Northport Historical Society’s collection, with comparisons to other museum and historic house studies on the subject. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines specific for the Northport Historical Society’s collection, but should be applicable for other historical societies in a similar situation.

Brentuximab Vedotin with Chemotherapy for Stage III or IV Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, N Engl J Med 2018;378:331-344. In the Abstract (page 331), the first sentence under Results should have begun, “At a median follow-up of 24.6 months,” rather than “. . . 24.9 months,” the lower limit of the first confidence interval should have been 78.8, rather than 78.7, and the final P value should have been 0.04, rather than 0.03. In the second sentence, the parenthetical should have read, “(hazard ratio for interim overall survival, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.45 to 1.18]; P=0.20),” rather than “(hazard ratio . . . , 0.72 [95% CI, 0.44 to 1.17]; P=0.19).” In the Patients subsection of Results (page 334), the second sentence should have said that 59% . . .

The vaccine targets four of the viral strains most commonly associated with cervical cancer and genital warts and, says Schuchat, the chance that any woman has been exposed to all four types is tiny. Think about getting a hepatitis B vaccine, too; that sexually transmitted virus sometimes causes liver cancer.) If you're over age 26, your insurance may not cover the $350 cost of the series, at least until Gardasil is approved for older women or a similar shot, called Cervarix, gets okayed (that vaccine was recently green-lighted in Australia for women up to age 45.

An even more direct conduit into the environment may be the common practice of irrigating fields with wastewater from livestock lagoons. About three years ago, David Graham, a University of Kansas environmental engineer, was puzzled in the fall by a dramatic spike in resistance genes in a pond on a Kansas feedlot he was studying. \"We didn't know what was going on until I talked with a large-animal researcher,\" he recalls. At the end of the summer, feedlots receive newly weaned calves from outlying ranches. To prevent the young animals from importing infections, the feedlot operators were giving them five-day \"shock doses\" of antibiotics. \"Their attitude had been, cows are big animals, they're pretty tough, so you give them 10 times what they need,\" Graham says. Every tested strain in a dirt sample proved resistant to multiple antibiotics. Most treatment plants, [Scott Weber] explains, gorge a relatively small number of sludge bacteria with all the liquid waste they can eat. The result, he found, is a spike in antibiotic-resistant organisms. \"We don't know exactly why,\" he says, \"but our findings have raised an even more important question.\" Is the jump in resistance genes coming from a population explosion in the resistant enteric, or intestinal, bacteria coming into the sewage plant? Or is it coming from sewage-digesting sludge bacteria that are taking up the genes from incoming bacteria? The answer is important because sludge bacteria are much more likely to thrive and spread their resistance genes once the sludge is discharged into rivers (in treated wastewater) and onto crop fields (as slurried fertilizer). For consumer antibacterial soaps the solution is simple, [Rolf Halden] says: \"Eliminate them. There's no reason to have these chemicals in consumer products.\" Studies show that household products containing such anti- bacterials don't prevent the spread of sickness any better than ordinary soap and water. \"If there's no benefit, then all we're left with is the risk,\" Halden says. He notes that many European retailers have already pulled these products from their shelves. \"I think it's only a matter of time before they are removed from U.S. shelves as well.\"

In 2004, the pharmaceutical giant Merck and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) began enrolling high-risk volunteers (mostly gay men) to receive a new kind of vaccine. Before volunteers receive a modified cold virus similar to the one used in the previous trial, they will get a jab of HIV genes, with the purpose of priming their immune systems for a stronger killer-T-cell attack. [BOX] 28 Living clean and green on the moon 30 A field guide to scary biodefense germs 32 Can Web smarts win votes? [PULLQUOTE] The new AIDS vaccine prompts cautious optimism.