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One of the main steps in choosing the drug nanoparticle production processes by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) is determining the solubility of the solid solute. For this purpose, the solubility of Ketoconazole (KTZ) in the SC-CO 2 , binary system, as well as in the SC-CO 2 -menthol (cosolvent), ternary system, was measured at 308–338 K and 12–30 MPa using the static analysis method. The KTZ solubility in the SC-CO 2 ranged between 0.20 × 10 –6 and 8.02 × 10 –5 , while drug solubility in the SC-CO 2 with cosolvent varied from 1.2 × 10 –5 to 1.96 × 10 –4 . This difference indicated the significant effect of menthol cosolvent on KTZ solubility in the SC-CO 2 . Moreover, KTZ solubilities in the two systems were correlated by several empirical and semiempirical models. Among them, Sodeifian et al ., Bian et al., MST, and Bartle et al. models can more accurately correlate experimental data for the binary system than other used models. Also, the Sodeifian and Sajadian model well fitted the solubility data of the ternary system with AARD%  = 6.45, R adj  = 0.995.

The solubility of an anti-hyperglycemic agent drug, (R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro [1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-a] pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl) butan-2-amine (also known as Sitagliptin phosphate ) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) was determined by ananalytical and dynamic technique at different temperatures (308, 318, 328 and 338 K) and pressure (12–30 MPa) values. The measured solubilities were in the range of 3.02 × 10 –5 to 5.17 × 10 –5 , 2.71 × 10 –5 to 5.83 × 10 –5 , 2.39 × 10 –5 to 6.51 × 10 –5 and 2.07 × 10 –5 to 6.98 × 10 −5 in mole fraction at (308, 318, 328 and 338) K, respectively. The solubility data were correlated with existing density models and with a new association model.

A static method is employed to determine the solubilities of verapamil in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) at temperatures between 308 and 338 K and pressures between 12 and 30 MPa. The solubility of verapamil in SC-CO 2 expressed as mole fraction are in the range of 3.6 × 10 –6 to 7.14 × 10 –5 . Using four semi-empirical density-based models, the solubility data are correlated: Chrastil, Bartle, Kumar–Johnston (K–J), and Mendez-Santiago and Teja (MST), two equations of state (SRK and PC-SAFT EoS), expanded liquid models (modified Wilson's models), and regular solution model. The obtained results indicated that the regular solution and PC-SAFT models showed the most noteworthy exactness with AARD% of 1.68 and 7.45, respectively. The total heat, vaporization heat, and solvation heat of verapamil are calculated at 39.62, 60.03, and − 20.41 kJ/mol, respectively. Regarding the poor solubility of verapamil in SC-CO 2 , supercritical anti-solvent methods can be an appropriate choice to produce fine particles of this drug.

The size of the drug particles is one of the essential factors for the proper absorption of the drug compared to the dose of the drug. When particle size is decreased, drug uptake into the body increases. Recent studies have revealed that the rapid expansion of supercritical solution with cosolvent plays a significant role in preparing micron and submicron particles. This paper examines the preparation of Erlotinib hydrochloride nanoparticles using a supercritical solution through the cosolvent method for the first time. An examination of the parameters of temperature (318–338 K), pressures (15–25 MPa) and nozzle diameter (300–700 μm) was investigated by Box-Behnken design, and their respective effects on particle size revealed that the nozzle diameter has a more significant impact on particle size than the other parameters. The smallest particles were produced at temperature 338 K, pressure 20 MPa, and nozzle diameter 700 μm. Besides, the ERL nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR, and DSC analyses. Finally, the results showed that the average size of the ERL particles decreased from 31.6 μm to 200–1100 nm.

The solubility of nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate in supercritical CO₂ was measured at four temperatures between 338 K and 308 K, and seven pressures between 12 MPa and 30 MPa, using ethanol as a cosolvent. Both semi-empirical and empirical approaches were employed to analyze the experimental data. In the ternary systems studied, the solubility values (mole basis) for nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate were between 1.08 × 10 − 5 and 4.15 × 10 − 4 (10.8 to 415 PPM). The results indicated a significant increase in solubility with the incorporation of ethanol. The peak solubility of nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate was recorded in the ternary system at 338 K and 12 MPa, which was approximately 10.8 times its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide alone under identical conditions. The best fit for the data, as measured by the average absolute relative deviation percentage ( AARD %), was achieved using the methods proposed by MST.

Activated carbons are used in industrial applications; their cost is a major barrier to their more widespread application. Regeneration of activated carbons is indispensable to minimize operational costs and product wastage. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) as green technology was used to regenerate activated carbons. In this work, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the supercritical regeneration process and to evaluate the effect of the operational parameters including pressure (100–300 bar), temperature (313–333 K), flow rate (2–6 g/min), and dynamic time (30–150 min) on the regeneration yield. The maximum regeneration yield (93.71%) was achieved at 285 bar, 333 K, 4 g/min, and 147 min. Mathematical modeling was done using two one-parameter kinetics models, which agree well with the experimental data. The fitting parameter of the model was obtained by using a differential evolution algorithm. The chemical composition of the substances extracted from the activated carbon was identified by gas chromatography. The results showed that the regeneration of activated carbon by SC-CO 2 can be an alternative method to conventional methods.

Particle size reduction makes drugs more soluble and bioavailable in the body. Researchers are increasingly interested in supercritical fluid processes for the production of micro- and nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals. In this research, gas anti-solvent (GAS), polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer (PVP), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent processes were used for the first time to produce aripiprazole (antipsychotic drug) nanoparticles. This specific combination has not been previously reported for aripiprazole and represents the main novelty of the study. The effects of different operating conditions were evaluated using a Box-Behenken design, which also sought to highlight the optimal combinations of conditions to obtain the smallest particle size. The effects of temperature (308, 318, and 328 K), pressure (10, 13, and 16 MPa), and APZ/PVP ratio (1, 5, and 9 w/w) on particle size were investigated. The optimum values of temperature, pressure, and APZ/PVP ratio were 312 K, 16 MPa, and 1w/w, respectively, which resulted in the minimum particle size. FTIR, FESEM, DLS, XRD, DSC, and dissolution rate tests were used to investigate changes in physical - chemical properties. Good results were obtained by reducing the particle size from 104.6 ± 30.1 μm to 389.6 ± 24.2 nm at optimum condition.

The solubility of compounds in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC- CO 2 ) has found crucial significance in the fabrication of micro/nano-scaled drugs. In this research, the solubility of Aripiprazole was measured in SC- CO 2 at various temperatures (308–338 K) and pressures (12–30 MPa). Moreover, the experimental solubility results were correlated with several semi-empirical models (Chrastil, Bartle et al., Kumar & Johnston, Menden-Santiago & Teja, Sodeifian et al., and Jouyban et al.) as well as the modified Wilson model. The molar fraction of the drug in SC- CO 2 varied in the range of 1.830 × 10 - 6 to 1.036 × 10 - 5 . The solubility highly depended on the operating pressure and temperature. The Chrastil (0.994), Jouyban et al. (0.993) and Sodeifian et al. (0.992) models showed the highest consistency with the obtained values. Furthermore, self-consistency tests were performed on the solubility of Aripiprazole in SC- CO 2 . The approximate total enthalpy ( Δ H total ), vaporization enthalpy ( Δ H vap ), and solubility enthalpy ( Δ H sol ) were also calculated.

In this study, the solubility of mesalazine in supercritical carbon dioxide with and without cosolvent was carried out for the first time at different temperatures and pressure values ranging from 308 to 338 K and 12 to 30 MPa, respectively. The determined experimental molar solubilities of mesalazine in supercritical carbon dioxide were in the range of 4.41 × 10 –5 to 9.97 × 10 –5 (308 K), 3.9 × 10 –5 to 13.1 × 10 –5 (318 K), 3.4 × 10 –5 to 16 × 10 –5 (328 K) and 3.3 × 10 –5 to 18.4 × 10 –5 (338 K). Meanwhile, the determined experimental molar solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide using 2% dimethyl sulfoxide as cosolvent were in the range of 28.22 × 10 –5 to 36.2 × 10 –5 (308 K), 26.07 × 10 –5 to 51.41 × 10 –5 (318 K), 25.02 × 10 –5 to 69.07 × 10 –5 (328 K) and 25.86 × 10 –5 to 82.6 × 10 –5 (338 K). A novel association model was employed to simulate the solubility data of the binary and ternary systems. Various semiempirical correlations were utilized to calculate the solubility of mesalazine in supercritical carbon dioxide. The new association model was deemed the most superior model, achieving an average absolute relative deviation value of 4.13% without a cosolvent, and 3.36% when a cosolvent was included.

In this study, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution into a Liquid Solvent (RESOLV) was used for the first time to produce pharmaceutical nanoparticles of Prazosin hydrochloride (PRH). The Taguchi method (robust design) was utilized to design the experiments and ensure obtaining the optimal process conditions. The pressure (15–25 MPa), temperature (308–328 K) and nozzle diameter (300–700 μm) effects on the morphology and size distribution of the resulting particles were also examined. The size of the particles decreased from about 40 μm to the range of (252–418 nm). FTIR, DLS, FESEM, XRD, DSC were used to characterize the primary and processed PRH particles. According to DSC investigations, RESOLV-produced PRH showed lower crystallinity than original PRH.