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In this contrastive French-English grammar, the comparisons between French structures and their English equivalents are formulated as rules which associate a French schema (of a particular grammatical structure) with its translation into an equivalent English schema. The grammar contains all the rules giving the English equivalents under translation of the principal grammatical structures of French: the verb phrase, the noun phrase and the adjuncts (modifiers). In addition to its intrinsic linguistic interest, this comparative grammar has two important applications. The translation equivalences it contains can provide a firm foundation for the teaching of the techniques of translation. Furthermore, such a comparative grammar is a necessary preliminary to any program of machine translation, which needs a set of formal rules, like those given here for the French-to-English case, for translating into a target language the syntactic structures encountered in the source language.

In this contrastive French-English grammar, the comparisons between French structures and their English equivalents are formulated as rules which associate a French schema (of a particular grammatical structure) with its translation into an equivalent English schema. The grammar contains all the rules giving the English equivalents under translation of the principal grammatical structures of French: the verb phrase, the noun phrase and the adjuncts (modifiers). In addition to its intrinsic linguistic interest, this comparative grammar has two important applications. The translation equivalences it contains can provide a firm foundation for the teaching of the techniques of translation. Furthermore, such a comparative grammar is a necessary preliminary to any program of machine translation, which needs a set of formal rules, like those given here for the French-to-English case, for translating into a target language the syntactic structures encountered in the source language.

This is a systematic lexical study of a little-documented phenomenon, viz. the syntactic properties of the English verbs that can appear in sentence pairs such as Bees are swarming in the garden and The garden is swarming with bees. The result is more than a list of such verbs. Various phenomena have been uncovered related to a hitherto unnoticed phenomenon of sentence productivity: the verbs in these sentences can be replaced by others derived from them by metaphorical extension. These groups of verbs then form open classes, whose size at any given moment cannot be measured, and into which new verbs enter in a regular and productive way. Such new uses of existing sentence forms (not only of new word derivations) permit an explicit description of what is intuitively and loosely meant by productivity.

Salkoff's (1999) comparative French-English grammar, independently constructed on translational principles as a prerequisite for the development of a machine translation program, is shown to flesh out & extend the syntactic component of proposals of Zellig S. Harris (1954) for a transfer grammar, particularly in the area of source-language words & structures that have multiple translations in the target language. Harris's techniques for the resolution of this type of ambiguity are implemented in the case of French syntax by (1) extending & refining the specification of French syntactic structures to the point that the correct English translation can be generated or (2) opting for passe-partout translations if a formal resolution of ambiguity is unavailable. Novel grammatical & lexical subclasses relevant to the comparative grammar, not to the grammars of the individual languages, are produced by (1). 10 References. J. Hitchcock