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"Scholliers, Peter"
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The pay gap between women and men in the 19th century Ghent cotton industry
This paper examines the pay gap between a category of male and female workers with similar tasks in one enterprise from 1835 to 1914. The payrolls of the Voortman weaving mill in Ghent allow a very detailed analysis of the weekly wages of male and female weavers. In the long run, the difference is barely 2% on average, but in the short term, sizeable differences appear, even reaching 40%. The trend in wages is explained by the general course of business, mechanisation, and the labour market. The explanation of the gaps involves an analysis of the quality, the size and the number of fabrics: male weavers produced larger fabrics (that were better paid) than female weavers, but the latter made more cloths, which ultimately explains the small pay gap.
Journal Article
Food Culture in Belgium
Belgian food and drink, often overshadowed by the those of powerhouse neighbors France and Germany, receive much deserved attention in this thorough overview, the most comprehensive available in English. Belgian waffles, chocolate, and beer are renowned, but Food Culture in Belgium opens up the entire food culture spectrum and reveals Belgian food habits today and yesterday. Students and food mavens learn about the question of Belgianness in discussions of the foodways of distinct regions of Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels. Packed with daily life insight, consumption statistics, and trends gathered from the culinary community on the Web, this is the ultimate source for discovering what has been called the best-kept culinary secret in Europe. Scholliers thoroughly covers the essential information in the topical chapters on history, major foods and ingredients, cooking, typical meals, special occasions, eating out, and diet and health. He is keen to illuminate how Belgium's unique food culture has developed through time. Before independence in 1830, Belgian regions had been part of the Celtic, Roman, Spanish, Austrian, French, Dutch, and German empires, and Belgium's central location has meant that it has long been a trade center for food products. Today, Brussels is the European Union administrative center and a cosmopolitan dining destination. Readers learn about the ingredients, techniques, and dishes that Belgium gave to the world, such as pommes frites, endive, and beer dishes. A timeline, glossary, selected bibliography, resource guide with websites and films, recipes, and photos complement the essays.
eBook
Constructing New Expertise: Private and Public Initiatives for Safe Food (Brussels in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century)
In 1856, the mayor of Brussels proposed the establishment of a municipal laboratory with a chemist to analyse food and beverages to restrain fraud. His proposal was accepted and a laboratory – possibly one of the first municipal laboratories in Europe – was set up. The laboratory still exists today. This paper aims at tracing the conditions in which it emerged, situating it within the laissez-faire context of the time. It was brought into existence by a liberal administration, in a period of little interventionism replete with unencumbered private interests (those of bakers, butchers, grocers, millers, pharmacists, doctors and so on). What will be considered here is the general mood with regard to food fraud, fair trade, correct price, and the quality of food in the first half of the nineteenth century. On a broader level, this contribution addresses the frictions between private and public initiative, while focusing on the process of construction of expertise. The paper makes use of contemporary documents such as reviews, newspapers, association reports and city council chronicles.
Journal Article
Norms and Practices Of Children's Diets in Brussels Hospitals, 1830–1914
This article studies the diet of children in the two largest Brussels hospitals throughout the nineteenth century, contributing to the history of children, food, and health. It claims a close bond between norms and practices regarding the hospital's diet and questions the relationship between the diet inside and outside the hospitals. Investigating hospital regulations and various manuscripts shows great improvement in the children's diet (measures by kilocalories, protein, calcium, iron, and vitamin C) caused by the general progress of the quantity and quality of the food in both hospitals, the shift of portion sizes (children moved from 1/4 and 1/2 ration to 1/2 and 3/4 ration), and, after 1880, the additional intake of dairy products and eating at the patient's discretion. Up to 1880, a \"silent revolution\" occurred, but in the last quarter of the century, a focused policy emerged. Hence, children's diets improved much more radically compared to adults'. The hospitals' diet reflected what happened, in general, outside their walls up to the 1880s, but they showed the way to improved food for children after 1880, testifying to the changed attitude toward (food for) children.
Journal Article
L’écart salarial entre femmes et hommes dans un tissage de coton gantois au XIX e siècle
Cette contribution examine l’écart salarial entre une catégorie d’ouvriers et d’ouvrières de 1835 à 1914, en étudiant des tâches semblables au niveau d’une entreprise. Les livres de paye du tissage Voortman à Gand permettent l’analyse détaillée des salaires hebdomadaires des tisseuses et tisseurs. À long terme, l’écart atteint à peine 2 % en moyenne, mais à court terme d’importantes différences apparaissent, atteignant même 40 %. L’évolution des salaires s’explique par la marche générale des affaires, la mécanisation et le marché du travail. L’explication des écarts implique l’analyse de la qualité, de la taille et du nombre des tissus produits : les tisseurs fabriquaient des tissus plus larges (et mieux payés) que les tisseuses, mais celles-ci produisaient plus de toile, ce qui en fin de compte explique l’écart salarial minime.
Journal Article
L’écart salarial entre femmes et hommes dans un tissage de coton gantois au XIXe siècle
Cette contribution examine l’écart salarial entre une catégorie d’ouvriers et d’ouvrières de 1835 à 1914, en étudiant des tâches semblables au niveau d’une entreprise. Les livres de paye du tissage Voortman à Gand permettent l’analyse détaillée des salaires hebdomadaires des tisseuses et tisseurs. À long terme, l’écart atteint à peine 2% en moyenne, mais à court terme d’importantes différences apparaissent, atteignant même 40%. L’évolution des salaires s’explique par la marche générale des affaires, la mécanisation et le marché du travail. L’explication des écarts implique l’analyse de la qualité, de la taille et du nombre des tissus produits: les tisseurs fabriquaient des tissus plus larges (et mieux payés) que les tisseuses, mais celles-ci produisaient plus de toile, ce qui en fin de compte explique l’écart salarial minime.
This paper examines the pay gap between a category of male and female workers with similar tasks in one enterprise from 1835 to 1914. The payrolls of the Voortman weaving mill in Ghent allow a very detailed analysis of the weekly wages of male and female weavers. In the long run, the difference is barely 2% on average, but in the short term, sizeable differences appear, even reaching 40%. The trend in wages is explained by the general course of business, mechanisation, and the labour market. The explanation of the gaps involves an analysis of the quality, the size and the number of fabrics: male weavers produced larger fabrics (that were better paid) than female weavers, but the latter made more cloths, which ultimately explains the small pay gap.
Journal Article
L’écart salarial entre femmes et hommes dans un tissage de coton gantois au XIXe siècle
Cette contribution examine l’écart salarial entre une catégorie d’ouvriers et d’ouvrières de 1835 à 1914, en étudiant des tâches semblables au niveau d’une entreprise. Les livres de paye du tissage Voortman à Gand permettent l’analyse détaillée des salaires hebdomadaires des tisseuses et tisseurs. À long terme, l’écart atteint à peine 2 % en moyenne, mais à court terme d’importantes différences apparaissent, atteignant même 40 %. L’évolution des salaires s’explique par la marche générale des affaires, la mécanisation et le marché du travail. L’explication des écarts implique l’analyse de la qualité, de la taille et du nombre des tissus produits : les tisseurs fabriquaient des tissus plus larges (et mieux payés) que les tisseuses, mais celles-ci produisaient plus de toile, ce qui en fin de compte explique l’écart salarial minime. This paper examines the pay gap between a category of male and female workers with similar tasks in one enterprise from 1835 to 1914. The payrolls of the Voortman weaving mill in Ghent allow a very detailed analysis of the weekly wages of male and female weavers. In the long run, the difference is barely 2% on average, but in the short term, sizeable differences appear, even reaching 40%. The trend in wages is explained by the general course of business, mechanisation, and the labour market. The explanation of the gaps involves an analysis of the quality, the size and the number of fabrics: male weavers produced larger fabrics (that were better paid) than female weavers, but the latter made more cloths, which ultimately explains the small pay gap.
Journal Article