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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral cause of reproductive disease, immune suppression and clinical disease in cattle. The objective of this study was to compare reproductive protection in cattle against the impacts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) provided by three different multivalent vaccines containing inactivated BVDV. BVDV negative beef heifers and cows (n = 122) were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Groups A-C (n = 34/group) received two pre-breeding doses of one of three commercially available multivalent vaccines containing inactivated fractions of BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, and Group D (n = 20) served as negative control and received two doses of saline prior to breeding. Animals were bred, and following pregnancy diagnosis, 110 cattle [Group A (n = 31); Group B (n = 32); Group C (n = 31); Group D (n = 16)] were subjected to a 28-day exposure to cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV (1a, 1b and 2a). Of the 110 pregnancies, 6 pregnancies resulted in fetal resorption with no material for testing. From the resultant 104 pregnancies, BVDV transplacental infections were demonstrated in 73 pregnancies. The BVDV fetal infection rate (FI) was calculated at 13/30 (43%) for Group A cows, 27/29 (93%) for Group B cows, 18/30 (60%) for Group C cows, and 15/15 (100%) for Group D cows. Statistical differences were observed between groups with respect to post-vaccination antibody titers, presence and duration of viremia in pregnant cattle, and fetal infection rates in offspring from BVDV-exposed cows. Group A vaccination resulted in significant protection against BVDV infection as compared to all other groups based upon outcome measurements, while Group B vaccination did not differ in protection against BVDV infection from control Group D. Ability of inactivated BVDV vaccines to provide protection against BVDV fetal infection varies significantly among commercially available products; however, in this challenge model, the inactivated vaccines provided unacceptable levels of BVDV FI protection.

The objective of this study was to compare reproductive protection in cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) provided by annual revaccination with multivalent modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine or multivalent combination viral (CV) vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live BoHV-1 and killed BVDV when MLV vaccines were given pre-breeding to nulliparous heifers. Seventy-five beef heifers were allocated into treatment groups A (n=30; two MLV doses pre-breeding, annual revaccination with MLV vaccine), B (n=30; two MLV doses pre-breeding, annual revaccination with CV vaccine) and C (n=15; saline in lieu of vaccine). Heifers were administered treatments on days 0 (weaning), 183 (pre-breeding), 366 (first gestation), and 738 (second gestation). After first calving, primiparous cows were bred, with pregnancy assessment on day 715. At that time, 24 group A heifers (23 pregnancies), 23 group B heifers (22 pregnancies), and 15 group C heifers (15 pregnancies) were commingled with six persistently infected (PI) cattle for 16days. Ninety-nine days after PI removal, cows were intravenously inoculated with BoHV-1. All fetuses and live offspring were assessed for BVDV and BoHV-1. Abortions occurred in 3/23 group A cows, 1/22 group B cows, and 11/15 group C cows. Fetal infection with BVDV or BoHV-1 occurred in 4/23 group A offspring, 0/22 group B offspring, and 15/15 group C offspring. This research demonstrates efficacy of administering two pre-breeding doses of MLV vaccine with annual revaccination using CV vaccine to prevent fetal loss due to exposure to BVDV and BoHV-1.

The objectives of the presentation are to cover efficient field necropsy techniques, sample collection, and laboratory submission to address clinical situations presented. We will discuss situational evaluation of common infectious, metabolic, and toxic conditions along with lesions (or lack thereof), and how to evaluate clinical presentation along with lesions and laboratory results to generate actionable information. Specific collection of samples from field necropsies and laboratory test requests will be discussed, as well as the interpretive nuances of lab results. We will also cover sample handling and chain of custody for potential legal cases. What we are attempting to create is information that is interpretable and actionable.

BoHV-1 can be differentiated on the DNA level into 3 subtypes by restriction endonuclease methods.3,4,6,10 BoHV-1 causes a variety of clinical signs, e.g., rhinotracheitis, fever, conjunctivitis, drop in milk production, abortion, reproductive losses, encephalitis and lesions of the mucous membranes of the genital tract.6,8,11,12 While many studies have been published on the respiratory and reproductive forms of BoHV-1, little has been published on the impact of BoHV-1 on the bovine eye. Phase II of the study was designed to assess protection afforded by 2 separate modified live BoHV-1 vaccines in the challenge model described in Phase I. Phase I All study procedures were approved by the Auburn University Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC, PRN 2020-3792). Each steer was individually identified using a unique numbered ear tag. Since phase I of this study was designed to see if conjunctivitis could be caused by the virus and spread among calves, no power calculation was necessary. The culture/PCR results from study 1 showed 100% infected eyes. Since no previous study was found to determine vaccine efficacy against BoHV-1 induced conjunctivitis, a decrease in infection of 50% was used in sample size determination using an alpha = 0.10 and 80% power.

Convergent research to tackle complex, wicked problems requires synthesis across multiple sectors and disciplines, but epistemological, ontological, and linguistical disagreements between disciplinarily diverse research teams can hinder the progress of transdisciplinary team efforts. For example, in social-ecological-technological systems (SETS), elements within the system may require distinction between component (S-E-T) parts to be conceptualized and modeled. Current SETS literature has focused predominantly on the deep interconnections across these social, ecological, and technological elements, but has not addressed how to explicitly acknowledge potentially messy, multi-membership classifications of elements within these categories. We introduce the conceptual framework of Fuzzy SETS, drawing on mathematical fuzzy set theory and SETS literature. By treating these categories as “fuzzy,” or being capable of multiple memberships, we investigate how the conceptual framework of fuzzy SETS can facilitate convergent, collaborative research across multiple disciplines and epistemologies by explicitly acknowledging and visualizing differences and similarities in perception of a given SETS. We apply this framework to our own work of creating a system dynamics model of the Santa Fe Watershed, New Mexico. Within our network of researchers, diverse perspectives exist when categorizing elements within the Santa Fe Watershed into social, ecological, and technological categories. Our findings support the hypothesis that the fuzzy SETS conceptual framework is a way to honor a diversity of epistemological perspectives within transdisciplinary teams by explicitly accepting that different views can coexist and can actually enrich our understanding of systems by creating a basis for asking deeper questions regarding their elements and dynamics.

While officials involved in graft, bribery, extortion, nepotism, or patronage typically like keeping their deeds private, the fact that corruption can have serious effects in democracies is no secret. Numerous scholars have brought to light the impact of corruption on a range of economic and political outcomes. One outcome that has received less attention, however, is voter turnout. Do high levels of corruption push electorates to avoid the polls or to turn out in larger numbers? Though of great consequence to the corruption and voterturnout literature, few scholars in either area have tackled this question and none has done so in a broad sample of democracies. This article engages in this endeavor through an analysis of the broadest possible sample of democratic states. Through instrumental variable regression we find that as corruption increases the percentage of voters who go to the polls decreases. Bien que les agents impliqués dans les pots-de-vin, la corruption, l'extorsion, le népotisme, ou le clientélisme aiment naturellement garder leurs actes privés, ce n'est pas un secret que la corruption peut avoir de graves effets dans les démocraties. De nombreux chercheurs ont mis en lumière l'impact de la corruption sur toute une gamme de paramètres économiques et politiques. Un point qui a reçu moins d'attention, cependant, est le taux de participation électorale. Des niveaux de corruption élevés poussent-ils les électeurs à éviter les urnes ou à s'abstenir en grand nombre? Quoique conséquente sur la corruption et le taux de participation électorale, dans la littérature sur le sujet, peu de chercheurs ont abordé cette question et aucun ne l'a fait sur un large échantillon de démocraties. Cet article s'engage dans cet effort par une analyse de l'échantillon le plus large possible d'États démocratiques. À l'aide d'une régression à variable instrumentale, nous constatons que, lorsque la corruption augmente, le pourcentage des électeurs qui votent diminue. Mientras haya funcionarios involucrados en corrupción, soborno, extorsión, nepotismo, o clientelismo típicos, tales como mantener sus cuentas y acciones en privado, no es un secreto que la corrupción es un hecho que puede tener serias consecuencias para las democracias. Numerosos académicos han puesto de manifiesto el impacto de la corrupción en los resultados políticos y económicos. Sin embargo, uno de los efectos que ha recibido menor atención es aquél en la participación electoral. ¿Los altos niveles de corrupción llevan a los electores a evitar las urnas o a asistir en grandes números? A pesar de que existe vasta literatura sobre las consecuencias de la corrupción y sobre el número de votantes, pocos estudios, de ambas áreas, han abordado esta pregunta y ninguno lo ha hecho usando una muestra amplia de democracias. Este artículo se dedica a esta tarea a través de un análisis de la muestra más amplia posible de estados democráticos. Utilizando los instrumentos de la regresión de variables encontramos que a medida que la corrupción aumenta, el porcentaje de votantes que acuden a las urnas disminuye.

During quorum sensing in the plant pathogen Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, EsaI, an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) synthase, and the transcription factor EsaR coordinately control capsular polysaccharide production. The capsule is expressed only at high cell density when AHL levels are high, leading to inactivation of EsaR. In lieu of detailed structural information, the precise mechanism whereby EsaR recognizes AHL and is hindered by it, in a response opposite to that of most other LuxR homologues, remains unresolved. Hence, a random mutagenesis genetic approach was designed to isolate EsaR* variants that are immune to the effects of AHL. Error-prone PCR was used to generate the desired mutants, which were subsequently screened for their ability to repress transcription in the presence of AHL. Following sequencing, site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate all possible mutations of interest as single, rather than multiple amino acid substitutions. Eight individual amino acids playing a critical role in the AHL-insensitive phenotype have been identified. The ability of EsaR* variants to bind AHL and the effect of individual substitutions on the overall conformation of the protein were examined through in vitro assays. Six EsaR* variants had a decreased ability to bind AHL. Fluorescence anisotropy was used to examine the relative DNA binding affinity of the final two EsaR* variants, which retained some AHL binding capability but remained unresponsive to it, perhaps due to an inability of the N-terminal domain to transduce information to the C-terminal domain.

Profiles of influential Black women activists at a historic moment This volume offers a panoramic view of Black feminist politics through the stories of a remarkable cross section of Black women who attended the 1977 National Women's Conference. These women advocated for civil and women's rights but also for accessibility, lesbians, sex workers, welfare recipients, laborers, and children. The women featured in this book include icons Coretta Scott King and Michelle Cearcy, a teenager who served as a torchbearer at the conference. Contributors offer insights into the lives of Gloria Scott, Dorothy Height, Freddie Groomes-McLendon, and Jeffalyn Johnson. The profiles include activist organizers Georgia McMurray, Barbara Smith, Johnnie Tillmon, Addie Wyatt, and Florynce Kennedy. The hard-won achievements of politicians are examined and celebrated, including those of Barbara Jordan, Shirley Chisholm, Maxine Waters, C. Delores Tucker, the first Black female secretary of state for Pennsylvania, and Yvonne Burke, one of the first Black women elected to Congress and the first representative to give birth while serving. The final profiles cover Clara McClaughlin, reporter Melba Tolliver, and photojournalist Diana Mara Henry, who shared the details of the conference and the continual work being done by Black women with others through various media channels. This book places the diversity of Black women's experiences and their leadership at the center of the history of the women's movement. Publication of this work made possible by a Sustaining the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

While officials involved in graft, bribery, extortion, nepotism, or patronage typically like keeping their deeds private, the fact that corruption can have serious effects in democracies is no secret. Numerous scholars have brought to light the impact of corruption on a range of economic and political outcomes. One outcome that has received less attention, however, is voter turnout. Do high levels of corruption push electorates to avoid the polls or to turn out in larger numbers? Though of great consequence to the corruption and voter-turnout literature, few scholars in either area have tackled this question and none has done so in a broad sample of democracies. This article engages in this endeavor through an analysis of the broadest possible sample of democratic states. Through instrumental variable regression we find that as corruption increases the percentage of voters who go to the polls decreases. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

A variety of genetic techniques have been devised to determine cell lineage relationships during tissue development. Some of these systems monitor cell lineages spatially and/or temporally without regard to gene expression by the cells, whereas others correlate gene expression with the lineage under study. The GAL4 Technique for Real-time and Clonal Expression (G-TRACE) system allows for rapid, fluorescent protein-based visualization of both current and past GAL4 expression patterns and is therefore amenable to genome-wide expression-based lineage screens. Here we describe the results from such a screen, performed by undergraduate students of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Undergraduate Research Consortium for Functional Genomics (URCFG) and high school summer scholars as part of a discovery-based education program. The results of the screen, which reveal novel expression-based lineage patterns within the brain, the imaginal disc epithelia, and the hematopoietic lymph gland, have been compiled into the G-TRACE Expression Database (GED), an online resource for use by the Drosophila research community. The impact of this discovery-based research experience on student learning gains was assessed independently and shown to be greater than that of similar programs conducted elsewhere. Furthermore, students participating in the URCFG showed considerably higher STEM retention rates than UCLA STEM students that did not participate in the URCFG, as well as STEM students nationwide.