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f. sp. Snyd. & Hans race 1.2 (FOM1.2) is the most virulent and yield-limiting pathogen of melon ( L.) worldwide. Current information suggest that the resistance to race 1.2 is controlled by multiple recessive genes and strongly affected by the environment. RNA-Seq analysis was used to identify candidate resistance genes and to dissect the early molecular processes deployed during melon-FOM1.2 interaction in the resistant doubled haploid line NAD and in the susceptible genotype Charentais-T (CHT) at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi). The transcriptome analysis of the NAD-FOM1.2 interaction identified 2,461 and 821 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 24 hpi and at 48 hpi, respectively, while in susceptible combination CHT-FOM1.2, 882 and 2,237 DEGs were recovered at 24 hpi and at 48 hpi, respectively. The overall expression profile suggests a prompt activation of the defense responses in NAD due to its basal defense-related machinery that allows an early pathogen recognition. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed a total of 57 GO terms shared by both genotypes and consistent with response to fungal infection. GO classes named \"chitinase activity,\" \"cellulase activity,\" \"defense response, incompatible interaction,\" \"auxin polar transport\" emerged as major factors of resistance to FOM1.2. The data indicated that NAD reacts to FOM1.2 with a fine regulation of Ca -mediated signaling pathways, cell wall reorganization, and hormone crosstalk (jasmonate and ethylene, auxin and abscissic acid). Several unannotated transcripts were recovered providing a basis for a further exploration of the melon resistance genes. DEGs belonging to the FOM1.2 genome were also detected as a resource for the identification of potential pathogenicity factors. This work provides a broader view of the dynamic changes of the melon transcriptome triggered by FOM1.2 and highlights that the resistance response of NAD is mainly signaled by jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways mediated by ABA and auxin. The role of candidate plant and fungal responsive genes involved in the resistance is discussed.

En quoi l’« orang-outan » des Lumières contribue-il à notre compréhension de la constitution des sciences sociales et leurs relations contemporaines avec les sciences du vivant ? Introduit en Europe au xvii e siècle, l’« homme des bois » (un terme qui désigne toutes les espèces de grands singes) fait son entrée dans les traités de casuistique médicale, parmi d’autres cas cliniques, brouillant les frontières entre humain et animal, et s’imposant au cœur des controverses des Lumières. Cet article traverse les disciplines et les espaces, et déploie une enquête sur l’orang-outan en suivant les routes du commerce triangulaire qui alimente les métropoles en spécimens. Il retrace des trajectoires croisées à partir d’un large éventail de sources (navires de traite, coffee-houses , catalogues de musées) et met au jour plusieurs types de comparaison, à la fois historiques et historiographiques. Il distingue deux régimes de curiosité ayant contribué à la célébrité de certains chimpanzés, entre foires, coffee-houses et cabinets d’histoire naturelle : l’un, savant, est fondé sur la généralisation anatomique ; l’autre, public, relayé par la presse, valorise les singularités – exemplifié ici par le cas de Madame Chimpanzé. L’histoire de l’orang-outan des Lumières permet ainsi d’interroger les frontières de l’humain et les conditions sociales, scientifiques et politiques de production des savoirs. What can the Enlightenment “orangutan” tell us about the shaping of the social sciences and their ongoing relationship with the life sciences? Introduced to Europe in the seventeenth century, the “man of the woods” (a term including all known species of ape) was featured in medical casuistry treatises alongside other clinical cases, blurring the boundaries between human and animal and soon taking center stage in Enlightenment controversies. This article moves across disciplines and geographical locations, investigating the orangutan by following the slave-trading routes that supplied metropoles with specimens. It reconstructs intersecting trajectories based on a wide range of sources (from slave ships and coffeehouses to museum catalogs) and highlights several forms of comparison, both historical and historiographical. It distinguishes two regimes of curiosity that contributed to the celebrity of certain chimpanzees in fairs, coffeehouses, and cabinets of natural history: one learned, based on anatomical generalization; the other public, driven by the press and focused on singularities—as exemplified by the case of Madame Chimpanzee. Focusing on Enlightenment approaches to the orangutan thus makes it possible to question the boundaries of humanity and the social, scientific, and political conditions of knowledge production.

[This corrects the article on p. 362 in vol. 8, PMID: 28367157.].

Recent scholarship on the Scottish Enlightenment has emphasized the increasing importance, in the last decades of the eighteenth century, of the concept of race. Yet race was a conceptual, moral, and taxonomic puzzle for Scots intellectuals such as Adam Ferguson (1723–1816). While the influence of Ferguson's published works has received wide scholarly attention, the content of his teaching has not. His surviving moral philosophy lecture notes offer us a window into the development of thought on race at the disciplinary intersections of moral philosophy and natural history, and the crossroads of Edinburgh's curricula and Britain's Empire.

What can the Enlightenment \"orangutan\" tell us about the shaping of the social sciences and their ongoing relationship with the life sciences? Introduced to Europe in the seventeenth century, the \"man of the woods\" (a term including all known species of ape) was featured in medical casuistry treatises alongside other clinical cases, blurring the boundaries between human and animal and soon taking center stage in Enlightenment controversies. This article moves across disciplines and geographical locations, investigating the orangutan by following the slave-trading routes that supplied metropoles with specimens. It reconstructs intersecting trajectories based on a wide range of sources (from slave ships and coffeehouses to museum catalogs) and highlights several forms of comparison, both historical and historiographical. It distinguishes two regimes of curiosity that contributed to the celebrity of certain chimpanzees in fairs, coffeehouses, and cabinets of natural history: one learned, based on anatomical generalization; the other public, driven by the press and focused on singularities–as exemplified by the case of Madame Chimpanzee. Focusing on Enlightenment approaches to the orangutan thus makes it possible to question the boundaries of humanity and the social, scientific, and political conditions of knowledge production.

En quoi l’« orang-outan » des Lumières contribue-il à notre compréhension de la constitution des sciences sociales et leurs relations contemporaines avec les sciences du vivant ? Introduit en Europe au xviie siècle, l’« homme des bois » (un terme qui désigne toutes les espèces de grands singes) fait son entrée dans les traités de casuistique médicale, parmi d’autres cas cliniques, brouillant les frontières entre humain et animal, et s’imposant au cœur des controverses des Lumières. Cet article traverse les disciplines et les espaces, et déploie une enquête sur l’orang-outan en suivant les routes du commerce triangulaire qui alimente les métropoles en spécimens. Il retrace des trajectoires croisées à partir d’un large éventail de sources (navires de traite, coffee-houses, catalogues de musées) et met au jour plusieurs types de comparaison, à la fois historiques et historiographiques. Il distingue deux régimes de curiosité ayant contribué à la célébrité de certains chimpanzés, entre foires, coffee-houses et cabinets d’histoire naturelle : l’un, savant, est fondé sur la généralisation anatomique ; l’autre, public, relayé par la presse, valorise les singularités – exemplifié ici par le cas de Madame Chimpanzé. L’histoire de l’orang-outan des Lumières permet ainsi d’interroger les frontières de l’humain et les conditions sociales, scientifiques et politiques de production des savoirs.