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IntroductionNeoadjuvant systemic anticancer therapy (neoSACT) is increasingly used in the treatment of early breast cancer. Response to therapy is prognostic and allows locoregional and adjuvant systemic treatments to be tailored to minimise morbidity and optimise oncological outcomes and quality of life. Accurate information about locoregional treatments following neoSACT is vital to allow the translation of downstaging benefits into practice and facilitate meaningful interpretation of oncological outcomes, particularly locoregional recurrence. Reporting of locoregional treatments in neoSACT studies, however, is currently poor. The development of a core outcome set (COS) and reporting guidelines is one strategy by which this may be improved.Methods and analysisA COS for reporting locoregional treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) in neoSACT trials will be developed in accordance with Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) and Core Outcome Set-Standards for Development guidelines. Reporting guidance will be developed concurrently.The project will have three phases: (1) generation of a long list of relevant outcome domains and reporting items from a systematic review of published neoSACT studies and interviews with key stakeholders. Identified items and domains will be categorised and formatted into Delphi consensus questionnaire items. (2) At least two rounds of an international online Delphi survey in which at least 250 key stakeholders (surgeons/oncologists/radiologists/pathologists/trialists/methodologists) will score the importance of reporting each outcome. (3) A consensus meeting with key stakeholders to discuss and agree the final COS and reporting guidance.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the consensus process will be obtained from the Queen’s University Belfast Faculty Ethics Committee. The COS/reporting guidelines will be presented at international meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. Dissemination materials will be produced in collaboration with our steering group and patient advocates so the results can be shared widely.RegistrationThe study has been prospectively registered on the COMET website (https://www.comet-initiative.org/Studies/Details/2854).

Organisms' reactions to adverse events result in the generation of immune effectors, which, in the case of insects, may be produced from the direct activation of pathways such as Toll, Jak-STAT, Imd, or RNAi or may be derived from the crosstalk of different intracellular pathways. One such pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), has the primary objective of restoring homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the UPR participates in signaling crosstalk with the immune pathways, generating protection against pathogenic organisms. Dengue virus is a plus-strand RNA virus belonging to the Flavivirus genus that uses the ER as a replication site; during the infection, there are indicators of the activation of the UPR, which in turn, induces the synthesis of internal membranes and preferential translation of viral proteins enhancing the replication. One of the dengue virus proteins, the NS4B can block the pathway of α/β interferon in mammals. However, what happen in insects is interesting because the lack of the main antiviral pathway, the interferon and the role of the NS4B protein in the UPR-immunity relationship can be better understood. Thus, in this study, we demonstrated that the DENV2/16681 NS4B protein is capable of modulating the immune effectors that result from the activation of the UPR in insect cells.

This review will discuss changes relevant to breast cancer caregivers in the fifth edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System.

This study is based on the numbering system and way of counting of the Mapuche people. The need to quantify made these people create their own Rakin (count), making the path to a perfect decimal numbering system that has been passed down orally from generation to generation. In this way, this system has no symbols to represent numbers. The Rakin, as social practice, finds its value in its use thereof; it is a product of situated knowledge, based on a social construction of a people in a specific context. In this decimal system it is enough to count until ten in order to continue counting. To do this, the system uses repetitive or multiplicative summative principles. The interest of this study is to visualize knowledge of social origin as an epistemological alternative that allows us to validate other knowledge beyond scientific knowledge, and to cooperate to generate an epistemological diversity that recognizes different kinds of knowledge of human beings organized into societies. The methodology used is qualitative and ethnographic. Interviews were conducted to access the information.

Accurate information about locoregional breast cancer treatments following neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) is essential for meaningful interpretation of oncological outcomes but reporting is currently poor. We developed a core outcome set (COS) to improve the quality and consistency of locoregional outcome reporting in breast cancer NST trials. The COS was developed in three phases according to COS-STAD guidance, with the generation of a list of relevant outcome domains, prioritisation of outcomes through two rounds of an international online multi-stakeholder Delphi survey and a consensus meeting. 159 unique locoregional outcomes were classified into 101 outcome domains for inclusion in the Delphi survey, which was completed by 470 international professionals. The final 15-item COS, which included the pre-NST surgical plan, details of surgery performed following completion of treatment and details of radiation therapy, was agreed at an in-person consensus meeting. Widespread COS implementation will improve the quality and value of future NST trials.

Chile es uno de los países con mayor esperanza de vida en Latinoamérica, así como con mayor porcentaje de personas mayores de 60 años. Este grupo etario es considerado como grupo vulnerable en procesos de inclusión económica. A esto se suma que muchos adultos mayores deben trabajar hasta edades avanzadas debido a las bajas pensiones y escasos recursos económicos, lo cual impacta su bienestar. Atendiendo a los antecedentes y desde la psicología económica, el objetivo de este estudio es conocer el significado del bienestar subjetivo y la inclusión económica en adultos mayores de entre 60-75 años, en zonas urbanas del sur de Chile. La metodología de investigación es cualitativa y se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, las cuales fueron analizadas con la técnica análisis de contenido y con el soporte del programa N-VIVO 11. Los participantes fueron 10 adultos mayores –3 hombres y 7 mujeres– todos líderes de clubes de adultos mayores. Los principales hallazgos muestran que los significados asociados al bienestar subjetivo se refieren a las fuentes de este, tales como familia, amigos y la participación en organizaciones de adultos mayores. Sin embargo, asocian sentimientos negativos relacionados con las dificultades que enfrentan por sus precarias condiciones económicas. En cuanto a los significados asociados a la inclusión económica, se refieren a habilidades tales como la capacidad de administración y distribución de los ingresos y la necesidad de aprender sobre el uso de herramientas tecnológicas que se requieren para sentirse incluidos en el sistema. Además, indican prácticas como el endeudamiento formal e informal y escaso ahorro.

El estudio está referido al sistema de numeración y las formas de conteo del pueblo mapuche. La necesidad de cuantificar hizo que este pueblo creara su propia forma de conteo (Rakin), dando origen a un sistema de numeración decimal perfecto que se ha traspasado oralmente de generación en generación, por lo que no tiene símbolos para representar los números. El Rakin como práctica social del pueblo mapuche encuentra valor en su uso, es un conocimiento situado producto de la construcción social de un pueblo en un contexto específico. Este sistema de numeración tiene una lógica decimal en donde basta saber contar hasta diez para poder continuar contando. Para esto utiliza principios agregativos y repetitivos o multiplicativos. Es de interés de este estudio sistematizar y visibilizar un conocimiento de origen social como alternativa epistémica que permita validar otros conocimientos más allá del conocimiento científico y cooperar a la generación de una relatividad epistémica que reconozca distintos tipos de conocimiento de los seres humanos organizados en sociedades. El método de análisis utilizado es cualitativa etnográfica y los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron entrevistas. Palabras clave: Sistema de numeración mapuche; Rakin; Valor social del conocimiento; Relativismo epistémico; Estimaciones de cuantificación. This study is based on the numbering system and way of counting of the Mapuche people. The need to quantify made these people create their own Rakin (count), making the path to a perfect decimal numbering system that has been passed down orally from generation to generation. In this way, this system has no symbols to represent numbers. The Rakin, as social practice, finds its value in its use thereof; it is a product of situated knowledge, based on a social construction of a people in a specific context. In this decimal system it is enough to count until ten in order to continue counting. To do this, the system uses repetitive or multiplicative summative principles. The interest of this study is to visualize knowledge of social origin as an epistemological alternative that allows us to validate other knowledge beyond scientific knowledge, and to cooperate to generate an epistemological diversity that recognizes different kinds of knowledge of human beings organized into societies. The methodology used is qualitative and ethnographic. Interviews were conducted to access the information. Keywords: Mapuche numbering system; Social value of knowledge; Epistemological relativism; Estimates of quantification.

The present research, enshrined in Project Fondecyt N° 1090179, searched to identify differences in attitudes toward purchase and consumption between educational students and teachers of the Temuco city. The sample was formed by 88 students and 103 teachers; we applied them the Scale Attitudes toward Consumption and Purchase (Tang y Luna, 1999, citado en Gebauer, Schäfer y Soto, 2003) and Materialism Scale (Richins y Dawson, 1992). The results show that women present rational attitudes in coexistence with impulsive attitudes. On the other side, the teachers have a rational attitude and tend to consider the materialism central in their lives compared to educational students. The discoveries are discussed in base to the existents antecedents in this line research [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

RESUMEN: El propósito del presente estudio es evaluar el resultado del programa de educación económica Yo y la Economía, en escolares de 6° año de Educación General Básica de Temuco, Chile. La muestra incluyó cursos de educación básica, quedando constituída por 211 escolares con 50.2% de varones. La estructura de nivel socioeconómico fue de 22% de nivel bajo, 35% medio-bajo, 30% medio-alto y 13% alto. Como instrumento se aplicó el Test de Alfabetización Económica para niños. La metodología fue pre-experimental, pre y post-test con grupo único, utilizándose un diseño de medidas repetidas. Los resultados indican aumento significativo en los niveles de alfabetización económica posterior al programa, observándose diferencias significativas según género y nivel socioeconómico, y efecto de interacción entre hombres y mujeres del nivel socioeconómico alto. Los hallazgos se discuten considerando los antecedentes teóricos y la implicancia educativa del trabajo. ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the result of the economic education program called Me and the Economy, in school children of 6º grade of Basic General Education in Temuco, Chile. The sample included groups and complete courses, being constituted by 211 school children with 50.2% of them were boys. The structure of socio-economic level was 22% low level, 35% middle-low level, 30% middle-high level and 13% upper level. As an instrument it was applied the Test of Economic Literacy for Children. The methodology was pre-experimental, pre and post-test with a single group, with a repeated measures design. The results show a significant increase in economic literacy levels of participants after the program. It was found significant differences between gender and socio-economic level, and a significant interactive effect between boys and girls of upper socio-economic level. The results are discussed considering the theoretical antecedents of the present research.