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Many environmental pollutants are known to have disproportionate effects on Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) as well as communities of low-income and wealth. The reasons for these disproportionate effects are complex and involve hundreds of years of systematic oppression kept in place through structural racism and classism in the USA. Here we analyze the available literature and existing datasets to determine the extent to which disparities in exposure and harm exist for one of the most widespread pollutants in the world – pesticides. Our objective was to identify and discuss not only the historical injustices that have led to these disparities, but also the current laws, policies and regulatory practices that perpetuate them to this day with the ultimate goal of proposing achievable solutions. Disparities in exposures and harms from pesticides are widespread, impacting BIPOC and low-income communities in both rural and urban settings and occurring throughout the entire lifecycle of the pesticide from production to end-use. These disparities are being perpetuated by current laws and regulations through 1) a pesticide safety double standard, 2) inadequate worker protections, and 3) export of dangerous pesticides to developing countries. Racial, ethnic and income disparities are also maintained through policies and regulatory practices that 4) fail to implement environmental justice Executive Orders, 5) fail to account for unintended pesticide use or provide adequate training and support, 6) fail to effectively monitor and follow-up with vulnerable communities post-approval, and 7) fail to implement essential protections for children. Here we’ve identified federal laws, regulations, policies, and practices that allow for disparities in pesticide exposure and harm to remain entrenched in everyday life for environmental justice communities. This is not simply a pesticides issue, but a broader public health and civil rights issue. The true fix is to shift the USA to a more just system based on the Precautionary Principle to prevent harmful pollution exposure to everyone, regardless of skin tone or income. However, there are actions that can be taken within our existing framework in the short term to make our unjust regulatory system work better for everyone.

Introduction Overweight and obesity are common problems among teenagers regardless of ethnicity, race, and socio-economic status. Therefore, this study aims to explore the social and environmental factors impacting adolescents motivation for weight control in Gilan province, Iran. Methodology Following a qualitative design, a content analysis approach was used to analyze the data. A total of 79 interviews were conducted with Adolescents ( n  = 23), Friends and Peers ( n  = 15), Parents ( n  = 12), Managers ( n  = 16), and Health care providers ( n  = 13), regarding adolescents obesity during 2019. MAXQDA V.10 software was used for our analysis. Findings The main categories of environmental and social factors affecting adolescents motivation for weight control were external factors (the relative success of weight control intervention programs, the lack of environmental and social support, and the lack of family support for teenagers) that each one had some subcategories, and internal factors (competence, relatedness, and autonomy). Conclusion This study demonstrated the necessity of identifying environmental and social factors that are effective in reducing adolescents’ motivation for weight loss. These factors are so influential that teenagers can’t overcome them without receiving support from their environment and the government health-related policies. So, it seems that we need integrated multisectoral approaches and we suggest that health policymakers develop practical policies to control adolescents obesity by focusing on factors that have been mentioned in this study.

Cigarette smoking stands out as a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and myocardial infarction (MI). For patients who have experienced MI, quitting smoking is essential to avoid further complications. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of an educational intervention based on the PEN-3 model in reducing cigarette smoking among MI patients in Bandar Abbas, Iran. This quasi-experimental, interventional study involved 240 inpatients from the cardiac departments of the Payambar A’zam hospital in Bandar Abbas. Simple random sampling was used to choose the participants, who were then divided into two groups: the intervention group and the control group. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire developed based on the PEN-3 model. It was given both before and three months after the intervention. The intervention group received the educational intervention both in-person and virtually. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. The intervention group’s mean scores for knowledge, perceptions, enablers, nurturers, and actions significantly increased after the educational intervention as compared to the control group ( p  < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed between daily and weekly cigarette smoking rates in both groups during the posttest ( p  < 0.001). Covariance analysis revealed a significant difference in posttest behavior scores between the intervention and control groups after adjusting for pretest scores. PEN-3 model-based interventions that enhance knowledge, adjust perceptions, and address social, cultural, and environmental factors of cigarette smoking may effectively reduce cardiovascular illnesses and myocardial infarction.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), characterized by aggressive relapse and dismal survival, remains a formidable challenge despite conventional therapies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T and natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as groundbreaking immunotherapies, offering targeted eradication of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and resistant blasts. CAR-T cells, leveraging antigens like CD123 and CD33, demonstrate early clinical success, with complete remission rates up to 66% in refractory/relapsed (R/R) AML. CAR-NK cells complement this approach through inherent tumor surveillance, reduced toxicity, and \"off-the-shelf\" feasibility. However, barriers such as antigen escape, heterogeneous immunosuppressive microenvironments (including intratumoral microbiota variations), and on-target/off-tumor toxicity persist, limiting durable responses. Innovations in dual-targeting CARs, cytokine-armored constructs, and CRISPR-edited universal cells aim to overcome these hurdles. Emerging strategies integrating checkpoint inhibitors, metabolic modulators, and AI-driven antigen selection promise to enhance efficacy and safety. This review synthesizes the evolving landscape of CAR-T/NK therapies, critically analyzing preclinical breakthroughs, clinical trial outcomes, and persisting challenges. By addressing manufacturing scalability, cost barriers, and long-term safety, cellular immunotherapy holds transformative potential to redefine AML management. As the field advances, interdisciplinary collaboration and biomarker-guided personalization will be pivotal in translating laboratory innovations into life-saving therapies for AML patients.

Aphids are one of the most important economic pests and vectors of viral diseases in crops. Brevicoryne brassicae L., one of the most serious aphid pests in Brassicaceae, if not controlled, often reaches very high densities. The present study compared the systemic effects of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous Melia azedarach L., Peganum harmala L., Calendula officinalis L. and Otostegia persica Boissier extracts with two systemic pesticides, acetamiprid and pirimicarb (at the maximum label-recommended rate). Population growth percentages of B. brassicae through leaf spraying under greenhouse conditions were assessed. The chemicals were sprayed on one of the leaves in greenhouse condition. The results indicated that all the plant extracts have systemic effects at different levels. Among different extracts, O. persica ethanolic extract, P. harmala methanolic extract and M. azedarach aqueous extract resulted in a reduction of the B. brassicae population.

The serum levels of BUN (19.2 ± 1.0, 66.4 ± 11.6 mg/dl, P < 0.05) and Cr (0.48 ± 0.02, 1.16 ± 0.18 mg/dl, P < 0.05), KTDS (0.25 ± 0.25, 1.5 ± 0.22, P < 0.05), kidney weight (0.64 ± 0.01, 1.05 ± 0.12 g, P < 0.05), and body weight change (19.25 ± 2.92, −0.33 ± 3.46 g, P < 0.05) between control and GM alone treated groups were significant, while the serum level of MDA (4.37 ± 1.42, 4.72 ± 0.46 μmol/l) and nitrite (13.06 ± 1.01, 12.02 ± 0.51 μmol/l) were insignificant. [6] Conversely, SM administration also resulted in persistence of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, tubular necrosis, and apoptosis in rats with glycerol-induced acute kidney injury. EX increased renal drug metabolism, and in agreement with our study, moderate EXs improve metabolic parameters, renal function, and structure on GM-induced acute kidney injury in rats.

To increase the active surface area of copper collectors in Li-ion batteries, electrochemical deposition of porous copper films was carried out using a solution of 0.15 M CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 . Square-wave pulsating overpotential deposition was performed at overpotential amplitudes of −1100, −1250 and −1400 mV vs . Ag/AgCl on copper foil, rated for Li batteries. Energy-dispersive method analysis and a scanning electron microscope were used to characterize film morphology. X-ray diffraction method was used to analyse structural properties of the deposits. Electroactive and real surfaces of the samples were measured using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a 0.1 M KOH solution. The results showed that by increasing the applied negative overpotential, the electroactive and real surface area of the samples were increased. As a result, the sample values of 47.13, 58.50 and 62.63 cm 2 were obtained at the respective deposition overpotential amplitudes of −1100, −1250 and −1400 mV. For untreated film, however, the value was around 9.35 cm 2 . Ultimately, it was discovered that CV is a highly effective technique for determining the real surface area of porous copper foils.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a high-mortality cancer due to its aggressive nature and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which enables evasion of immune surveillance. Despite chemotherapy and targeted therapies, 5-year survival is ~ 30%, necessitating novel immunotherapies. AML suppresses cytotoxic T/NK cells by co-opting regulatory pathways, creating an “immune paradox.” Emerging strategies aim to disrupt this evasion. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-1 nivolumab and anti-CD47 magrolimab, combined with hypomethylating agents (HMAs), enhance T-cell activity and phagocytosis, especially in TP53-mutated AML. Therapeutic vaccines targeting leukemia-associated antigens (e.g., WT1, PRAME) via dendritic cell fusion show early success in prolonging remission. Combinatorial approaches, like HMAs with STING agonists or dual checkpoint blockade, target multiple immunosuppressive pathways to overcome resistance. Challenges include TME heterogeneity, therapy-resistant leukemia stem cells, toxicities (e.g., anemia, cytokine release syndrome), relapse from clonal evolution, and a lack of predictive biomarkers. Autologous therapies face economic and logistical hurdles, driving demand for scalable solutions. Advances in single-cell genomics, AI, and synthetic biology are identifying novel targets (TIM-3, TIGIT, VISTA) and improving patient stratification. Integrating these innovations may transform AML into a chronic condition, bridging preclinical potential to clinical impact. In this review, we aim to evaluate mechanisms, challenges, and future directions of immunotherapies in AML with highlighting ICIs and vaccination to improve therapeutic outcomes.

The importance of data science in society today is undeniable, and now is the time to prepare data science talent (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018). Data science demands collaboration, but collaboration within political science departments has been weak in teaching data science. Bridging substantive and methods courses can critically aid in teaching data science because it facilitates this collaboration. Our innovation is to integrate data science into both substantive and methods courses through a dedicated data science course and modules on data science topics taught in substantive courses. This approach allows not only for more opportunities for teaching and practice of data science methods but also helps students to understand how social, economic, and political biases and incentives can affect their data.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous and aggressive hematologic malignancy, remains challenging to treat due to high relapse rates, chemotherapy resistance, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). While traditional therapies like chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have improved outcomes, their efficacy is often limited by toxicity and disease recurrence. Recent advancements in antibody engineering have revolutionized AML immunotherapy, offering precision-targeted strategies to overcome these barriers. This narrative review explores the transformative role of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) in redirecting immune effector cells, blocking immune checkpoints, and eradicating leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Key innovations include CD33-targeted gemtuzumab ozogamicin, CD123-directed bispecific engagers, and anti-CD47 agents that disrupt “don’t eat me” signals. We highlight breakthroughs in antibody design—such as Fc optimization, trispecific constructs, and conditionally active biologics—that enhance specificity while minimizing on-target off-tumor toxicity. Clinical trials demonstrate promising results, including improved remission rates and survival in refractory/relapsed AML when combining antibodies with hypomethylating agents, venetoclax, or checkpoint inhibitors. However, challenges persist, including AML’s genetic heterogeneity, adaptive immune evasion, and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) risks. Emerging strategies such as biomarker-driven personalization, TME modulation, and engineered NK-cell engagers are poised to address these limitations. By integrating preclinical insights with clinical data, this review underscores the potential of antibody-based combinatorial regimens to redefine AML therapy, offering durable responses and bridging the gap to curative approaches.