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"Shah, N K"
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Comprehensive case management of malaria: Operational research informing policy
In 2013, the Odisha state Vector Borne Disease Control Programme led a five year operational research project, under programmatic conditions, in close collaboration with several partners. This Comprehensive Case Management Project covered a population of 900,000 across paired control and intervention blocks in four districts, each with different transmission intensities. Key gaps in access to malaria services were identified through household surveys and a detailed situation analysis. The interventions included ensuring adequate stocks of rapid diagnostic tests and antimalarial drugs at the village level, the capacity building of health workers and ASHAs, setting up microscopy centres at the primary health care level, and conducting mass screening and treatment in poorly accessible areas.
The programme strengthened the routine health system, and improved malaria surveillance as well as the access to and quality of care. Initially, the programme led to increased case reporting due to improved detection, followed by a decline in malaria incidence. Lessons from the project were then scaled up statewide in the form of a new initiative-Durgama Anchalare Malaria Nirakaran (DAMaN).
Journal Article
Impedance Spectroscopy of Binary Mixtures of Dimethyl Silicone Fluid and Methyl Iso Butyl Ketone
A precision LCR metre was used to measure the parallel resistance (R P ) and parallel capacitance (C P ) of a capacitive cell filled with samples of binary mixes of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and dimethyl silicone fluid (DMSF), over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 2 MHz, at a temperature of 303.15 K. Using R P and C P , complex impedance Z*(ω) was computed. A four-element equivalent circuit model was used to fit the complex impedance data. The fitting provided the values of various circuit elements representing various electrical processes occurring in the capacitive measurement cell under the influence of an applied ac field. The Bode plot presentation of the complex impedance data confirmed the values of various circuit elements determined using the fitting process. Complex impedance formalism supports the observation of the electronic double-layer capacitance (EDLC) phenomena and ionic conduction relaxation phenomena.
Journal Article
Electrode polarization and ionic conduction relaxation in n-Hexanol and DMF Mixtures at 303.15 K: insights into molecular dynamics
Using a precision LCR meter, the real and imaginary components of the complex relative dielectric function (ε*(f) = ɛ'(f)—jɛ”(f)) of the binary mixtures of n-Hexanol and N, N-Dimethylformamide were measured in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz at a constant temperature of 303.15 K. Complex relative dielectric function ε*(f), was then converted into various formalisms namely: complex electric modulus M*(f), complex electrical conductivity σ*(f), and complex impedance Z*(f) in order to explore the electric and dielectric characteristics of the liquid samples. Loss tangent (tan δ = ɛ\"/ɛ') was determined from the complex relative dielectric function ε*(f). Further, ε*(f) was fitted to the Cole–Cole relaxation model to determine different dielectric and electrical parameters. Relaxation time associated with various relaxation processes observed in the considered frequency range of applied ac electric field are determined. Measured dielectric data are used to gain information about the effect of electrode polarization relaxation and ionic conduction relaxation process in the given mixture. Various parameters, including Debye Length (λ
D
), Ion Mobility (μ), Mobile Ion Concentration (P
0
), and Ion Diffusivity (D) were computed for each binary mixture across constant temperature.
Journal Article
Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Evaluation of 1,2,4-Triazole-thiazolidin-4-one Hybrids
A series of previously unknown [5-(substituted phenyl)-4
H
-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]thiazolidin-4-ones have been successfully synthesized, and their structure has been confirmed by IR and
1
H and
13
C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds have been tested for in vitro activity against bacterial and fungal strains. Compounds containing 4-OCH
3
, 4-NO
2
and 2,3-(OCH
3
)
2
groups in the phenyl ring of the arylidene substituent demonstrated moderate to excellent antibacterial activity, while compounds containing 2-Br, 4-Cl, 4-F, 4-OCH
3
, 4-CH
3
, 2,4-(CH
3
)
2
, and 4-NO
2
groups exhibited excellent to good antifungal activity. The MIC values for the 2,3-(OCH
3
)
2
derivatives against various bacterial strains varied from 12.5 to 50 µg/mL. In terms of the antifungal activity, the 2-Br derivative showed the significant activity against
C. albicans
(MIC 200 µg/mL).
Journal Article
Physicochemical properties, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Premna serratifolia extract via cold extraction method
Premna serratifolia or ‘buas-buas’ is one of the common traditional herbs among Malaysians, well-known for its various benefits as traditional medicine. Out of 3000 Malaysian herbs, P. serratifolia is known as one of the potential herbs. P. serratifolia can be found in their native habitats in Borneo, especially in Sabah and Sarawak. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and physiochemical properties of P. serratifolia extract were investigated in this study. A cold extraction method by using distilled water as a solvent was used to obtain the extract of P. serratifolia . The physicochemical properties of the extract, such as pH, colour analyses, moisture, total ash content, DPPH radical scavenging assay, antibacterial activity, FTIR, and GC-MS, were evaluated. The pH value, moisture content, and total ash content of the extract were pH 4.89, 0.77%, and 0.04%, respectively. There is an inhibition zone (7.9 mm-9.4 mm) in the antibacterial activity of P. serratifolia extract against E. coli . The scavenging activities, however, ranged from 59.8 to 89.9%, with an IC50, or half maximum inhibitory concentration, of 42.23 mg/ml. The GC-MS analysis of the P. serratifolia cold extract detected 27 compounds that have reported bioactivities. The major compounds found in this plant extract were 1,2-cyclopentanedione and 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran.
Journal Article
IFN-λs mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex
We report here the identification of a ligand-receptor system that, upon engagement, leads to the establishment of an antiviral state. Three closely positioned genes on human chromosome 19 encode distinct but paralogous proteins, which we designate interferon-λ1 (IFN-λ1), IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3 (tentatively designated as IL-29, IL-28A and IL-28B, respectively, by HUGO). The expression of IFN-λ mRNAs was inducible by viral infection in several cell lines. We identified a distinct receptor complex that is utilized by all three IFN-λ proteins for signaling and is composed of two subunits, a receptor designated CRF2-12 (also designated as IFN-λR1) and a second subunit, CRF2-4 (also known as IL-10R2). Both receptor chains are constitutively expressed on a wide variety of human cell lines and tissues and signal through the Jak-STAT (Janus kinases–signal transducers and activators of transcription) pathway. This receptor-ligand system may contribute to antiviral or other defenses by a mechanism similar to, but independent of, type I IFNs.
Journal Article
Electrochemical impedance study on the corrosion of Al-Pure in hydrochloric acid solution using Schiff bases
The inhibition effect of newly synthesized Schiff bases
N
-benzylidene benzylamine (A) and benzenemethanamine-α-methyl-
N
-(phenylmethylene) (B) on the corrosion behaviour of Al-Pure in 1·0 M HCl was studied using galvanostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and adsorption studies. The effects of inhibitor concentration, temperature and surface coverage are investigated. The effect of inhibitor concentration and other parameters are evaluated for different inhibitor concentrations and the probable mechanism was also proposed. The results show that (A) and (B) possess excellent inhibiting effect for the corrosion of Al-Pure and the inhibitors act as mixed type inhibitors. The inhibitors do not affect the mechanism of the electrode processes and inhibit corrosion by blocking the reaction sites. The high inhibition efficiency of (A) and (B) were due to the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. The decrease of surface area available for electrode reactions to take place is due to the formation of a protective film. Activation energy and free energy of adsorption have been calculated.
Journal Article
Acclimatization of Potent Fungal Strains for the Degradation of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste
Solid waste of each municipal corporation is diversified in nature and highly dependent on the type of area from where it has been collected. There are many options for handling and disposing off these wastes. Composting is a natural biological process in which degradable part of waste is transformed into a stable material with excellent characteristics for application on soils. This makes the recycling of organic waste as soil amendments, a useful alternative to incineration, landfill or rubbish dumps. For sustainable development of potent fungal strains, they require critical adaptation by acclimatization process through semicontinuously maintained shake flask technique. During the experiment, the fungal strains were exposed to periodic simultaneous acceleration in quantitative content of individual selected nutrient as a substrate. The acclimatization program was conducted for the development of potent fungal strains which were characterized for ecofriendly, sustainable and efficient composting process.
Journal Article