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Gendered and racial inequalities persist in even the most progressive of workplaces. There is increasing evidence to suggest that all aspects of employment, from hiring to performance evaluation to promotion, are affected by gender and cultural background. In higher education, bias in performance evaluation has been posited as one of the reasons why few women make it to the upper echelons of the academic hierarchy. With unprecedented access to institution-wide student survey data from a large public university in Australia, we investigated the role of conscious or unconscious bias in terms of gender and cultural background. We found potential bias against women and teachers with non-English speaking backgrounds. Our findings suggest that bias may decrease with better representation of minority groups in the university workforce. Our findings have implications for society beyond the academy, as over 40% of the Australian population now go to university, and graduates may carry these biases with them into the workforce.

Background Translation of evidence-based interventions into hospital systems can provide immediate and substantial benefits to patient care and outcomes, but successful implementation is often not achieved. Existing literature describes a range of barriers and facilitators to the implementation process. This systematic review identifies and explores relationships between these barriers and facilitators to highlight key domains that need to be addressed by researchers and clinicians seeking to implement hospital-based, patient-focused interventions. Methods We searched MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL using search terms focused specifically on barriers and facilitators to the implementation of patient-focused interventions in hospital settings. To be eligible, papers needed to have collected formal data (qualitative or quantitative) that specifically assessed the implementation process, as experienced by the staff involved. Results Of 4239 papers initially retrieved, 43 papers met inclusion criteria. Staff-identified barriers and facilitators to implementation were grouped into three main domains: system, staff, and intervention. Bi-directional associations were evident between these domains, with the strongest links evident between staff and intervention. Conclusions Researchers and health professionals engaged in designing patient-focused interventions need to consider barriers and facilitators across all three identified domains to increase the likelihood of implementation success. The interrelationships between domains are also crucial, as resources in one area can be leveraged to address barriers in others. These findings emphasize the importance of careful intervention design and pre-implementation planning in response to the specific system and staff context in order to increase likelihood of effective and sustainable implementation. Trial registration This review was registered on the PROSPERO database: CRD42017057554  in February 2017. 

Background: Geriatric assessments (GAs) can guide treatment decision‐making for older adults with cancer and identify those at risk of treatment complications. Given the number of systematic reviews conducted in the last 10 years, this umbrella review aimed to summarise and synthesise the evidence for (i) what constitutes a GA in cancer care, (ii) how GAs are conducted, and (iii) how implementation of GAs in cancer settings are reported. Methods: PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were searched and updated in September 2024. Systematic reviews with or without meta‐analyses that (i) described the use or value of GA for older adults with cancer, or (ii) information related to GA implementation in cancer settings were included in this review. Quality of the reviews were assessed using the AMSTAR‐2 tool, and results were descriptively summarised using a narrative synthesis. Results: Twenty‐nine reviews were included. A GA was commonly defined as a systematic, multidimensional evaluation of an older person. Recommendation for domains included within the GA differed across reviews. However, commonly reported domains and tools across reviews broadly mapped to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline recommendations . Fifteen reviews specified timing of GA; most reported assessments were performed prior to treatment and administered by a range of individuals including patient themselves, the multi‐disciplinary team, individual nurse or cancer specialists or geriatrician‐led consultation or assessments. Barriers and enablers to GA implementation were discussed in three reviews. Four reviews described GA feasibility, primarily reporting patient acceptability of self‐administered or computer‐based assessments. Discussion: Heterogeneity across reviews in GA definition could impact on perceived feasibility of GA implementation. Standardisation of GA domains is required to facilitate evidence‐based research and to guide integration of GA and GA‐based interventions within cancer settings.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is the main cause of acute liver failure in the West. Specific efficacious therapies for acute liver failure (ALF) are limited and time-dependent. The mechanisms that drive irreversible acute liver failure remain poorly characterized. Here we report that the recently discovered platelet receptor CLEC-2 (C-type lectin-like receptor) perpetuates and worsens liver damage after toxic liver injury. Our data demonstrate that blocking platelet CLEC-2 signalling enhances liver recovery from acute toxic liver injuries (APAP and carbon tetrachloride) by increasing tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production which then enhances reparative hepatic neutrophil recruitment. We provide data from humans and mice demonstrating that platelet CLEC-2 influences the hepatic sterile inflammatory response and that this can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit in acute liver injury. Since CLEC-2 mediated platelet activation is independent of major haemostatic pathways, blocking this pathway represents a coagulopathy-sparing, specific and novel therapy in acute liver failure. The molecular mechanisms that drive irreversible acute liver failure remain poorly characterized. Here, the authors show that the recently discovered platelet receptor CLEC-2 (C-type lectin-like receptor) perpetuates and worsens liver damage during acute liver injury by blocking restorative neutrophil driven inflammation.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a range of manifestations, including steatosis and cirrhosis. Progressive disease is characterized by hepatic leukocyte accumulation in the form of steatohepatitis. The adhesion molecule vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a membrane-bound amine oxidase that promotes leukocyte recruitment to the liver, and the soluble form (sVAP-1) accounts for most circulating monoamine oxidase activity, has insulin-like effects, and can initiate oxidative stress. Here, we determined that hepatic VAP-1 expression is increased in patients with chronic liver disease and that serum sVAP-1 levels are elevated in patients with NAFLD compared with those in control individuals. In 4 murine hepatic injury models, an absence or blockade of functional VAP-1 reduced inflammatory cell recruitment to the liver and attenuated fibrosis. Moreover, disease was reduced in animals expressing a catalytically inactive form of VAP-1, implicating enzyme activity in the disease pathogenesis. Within the liver, hepatic stromal cells expressed functional VAP-1, and evaluation of cultured cells revealed that sVAP-1 promotes leukocyte migration through catalytic generation of ROS, which depended on VAP-1 enzyme activity. VAP-1 enhanced stromal cell spreading and wound closure and modulated expression of profibrotic genes. Together, these results link the amine oxidase activity of VAP-1 with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and suggest that targeting VAP-1 has therapeutic potential for NAFLD and other chronic fibrotic liver diseases.

The rapid shift to online teaching in spring 2020 meant most of us were teaching in panic mode. As we move forward with course planning for fall and beyond, we can invest more time and energy into improving the online experience for our students. We advocate that instructors use inclusive teaching practices, specifically through active learning, in their online classes. Incorporating pedagogical practices that work to maximize active and inclusive teaching concepts will be beneficial for all students, and especially those from minoritized or underserved groups. Like many STEM fields, Ecology and Evolution shows achievement gaps and faces a leaky pipeline issue for students from groups traditionally underserved in science. Making online classes both active and inclusive will aid student learning and will also help students feel more connected to their learning, their peers, and their campus. This approach will likely help with performance, retention, and persistence of students. In this paper, we offer broadly applicable strategies and techniques that weave together active and inclusive teaching practices. We challenge instructors to commit to making small changes as a first step to more inclusive teaching in ecology and evolutionary biology courses. We encourage instructors to use inclusive teaching practices and active learning in their online classes. Incorporating pedagogical practices that work to maximize active and inclusive teaching concepts will be beneficial for all students, and especially those from minoritized or underserved groups. In this paper, we offer strategies and techniques that weave together active and inclusive teaching practices and challenge faculty to commit to making small changes as a first step to more inclusive teaching in ecology and evolutionary.

Theoretical arguments and large‐scale two‐fluid simulations are used to study the spreading of reconnection X‐lines localized in the direction of the current as a function of the strength of the out‐of‐plane (guide) magnetic field. It is found that the mechanism causing the spreading is different for weak and strong guide fields. In the weak guide field limit, spreading is due to the motion of the current carriers, as has been previously established. However, spreading for strong guide fields is bidirectional and is due to the excitation of Alfvén waves along the guide field. In general, we suggest that the X‐line spreads bidirectionally with a speed governed by the faster of the two mechanisms for each direction. A prediction on the strength of the guide field at which the spreading mechanism changes is formulated and verified with three‐dimensional simulations. Solar, magnetospheric, and laboratory applications are discussed. Key Points Localized reconnection X‐lines spread in the direction of the current X‐lines spread by two mechanisms either by current carriers or Alfven waves The mechanism of X‐line spreading depends on the strength of the guide field

Purpose This umbrella review aimed to summarise and synthesize the evidence on the outcomes reported and used to assess the value and or efficacy of geriatric assessments (GAs) for older adults with cancer. Methods Six electronic databases, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases, were searched to identify systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses that described the value or outcomes of GAs for older adults with cancer. Results Twenty-six systematic reviews were included, of which six included a meta-analysis of the data. Thirteen associations and or outcomes were identified. Overall geriatric impairments predicted or were associated with majority of identified outcomes. However, the type of domains associated with outcomes differed within and across reviews. Only treatment toxicity was statistically significantly lower for patients allocated to the GA intervention group compared to standard care. Systematic reviews without meta-analyses demonstrated a positive impact of GA with management on treatment completion, communication and care planning and patient satisfaction with care. Conclusion There is evidence demonstrating the predictive value of GAs for older adults with cancer. GAs seems to be beneficial for older adults with cancer across some outcomes, with strong evidence demonstrating the impact of GA with management for treatment toxicity. However, there is mixed or limited evidence demonstrating the effect of GA in other treatment modalities, and on quality of life and economic outcomes.