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Free radicals are generated in the body through endogenous and exogenous systems, with their overproduction linked to chronic diseases such as cancer. Interestingly, chemotherapeutic drugs utilize free radicals to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, highlighting their dual nature. This study explores the therapeutic potential of free-radical-generating compounds in solid tumor treatment. Using a patented universal method, superoxide (O 2 − )-producing enzymatic systems were isolated for the first time from serous fluids of patients with breast cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cirrhosis. These enzymes were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized and found to continuously produce monocomponent O 2 − under aerobic in vitro conditions. The enzyme complexes consist of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-containing protein component (NPC), and Fe(III) ions. Their stable O 2 − production mechanism was elucidated, and characteristic optical absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra were recorded. The concentrations of monocomponent O 2 − were quantified in moles (mol/ml) for each serous fluid type. These findings suggest that liquid-phase O 2 − could be used to selectively destroy cancer cells by predetermining effective concentrations. Furthermore, since O 2 − -producing enzymes can oxidize adrenaline, they may help reduce elevated adrenaline levels in tumor cells. Future animal studies will assess their efficacy in eliminating metastatic cells, particularly in the postoperative period. This novel approach may offer a promising adjunct therapy in oncology.

Background: NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), which is highly expressed in the colon, is thought to play a potential role in host defense as a physical and innate immune barrier against commensal or pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Diabetes can be caused by several biological factors, including insulin resistance is one of them. Alloxan is widely used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes in experimental animals. Alloxan increases the generation of reactive oxygen species as a result of metabolic reactions in the body, along with a massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration. Methods Using a universal method, a superoxide radical (О 2 − )-thermostable associate between NADPH-containing lipoprotein (NLP) and NADPH oxidase (Nox)- NLP-Nox was isolated and purified from the small intestine (SI) of control (C) and alloxan-induced diabetic (AD) albino rats. Results In comparison to the C indices, in AD in the SI, an increase in the specific content of NLP-Nox associate and a decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О 2 − in liquid phase (in solution) and gas phase (during blowing by oxygen of the NLP-Nox solution) were observed. The NLP-Nox of SI associate in C and AD rats produced О 2 − by an immediate mechanism, using NLP as a substrate. The phenomenon of the hiding of the optical absorption maxima of the Nox in oxidized states at pH10,5 was observed in the composition of these SI associates of the C and AD rat groups. The characteristic absorption maxima of the «hidden» Nox were observed under these conditions after reduction by potassium dithionite. Conclusion Thus, at AD, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О 2 − in the solution and gas phase was compensated for by an increase in the specific amount of associate. In addition,  the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О 2 − by NLP-Nox associates at AD can be linked to a decrease in the level of NADPH in NLP-Nox composition. This could be used as a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by both motor and non-motor features. Numerous risk factors (oxidative stress, free radical formation, and several environmental toxins) have been associated with PD. The experimental studies were carried out under in vivo conditions. Biochemical data analysis indicated that compared with the parameters of control (C) rats, rotenone-induced PD rats showed a significant decrease in the specific content of the total fraction of isoforms of O 2 − -producing, heat-stable, NADPH-containing associates (NLP-Nox) from membrane formations of tissues (brain, liver, lung, and small intestine). Compared with the C group indices, in the PD and PD + curcumin (PD + CU) groups there is some change in the shape of the optical absorption spectra of isoforms associated with a change in the amount of Nox in the isoform composition of the total fraction of the NLP-Nox associate. Thus, daily administration of CU (200 mg/kg, i.p.) to PD rats for 63 days had a regulatory effect, bringing the specific content and O 2 − -producing activity of the total fraction of NLP-Nox isoforms closer to the norm. CU has membrane-stabilizing effects in rotenone-induced PD.

Background Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has various pharmacological actions, which includes antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. The superoxide and consequently NADPH oxidase (Nox) are relevant targets involved in biological effects of Stevia. The presence of NADPH-containing superoxide-producing lipoprotein (suprol) in Stevia leaves has not yet been tested. The mechanism of producing superoxide radicals (O2−) by suprol was determined in vitro, which is associated with the electron transfer from NADPH in the composition of suprol by traces of transition metal ions (Fe3+ or Cu2+) to molecular oxygen, turning it into O2−. It is expected that the therapeutic efficacy of Stevia leaves is caused by specific activity of superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction. Methods For the first time, from the dry leaves of Stevia the NADPH-containing superoxide-producing lipoprotein was isolated and purified. The specific content of suprol (milligrams in 1 g of Stevia leaves- mg/g) was determined after desalination of suprol and lyophilization. Results According to the method provided, the specific content of the isolated suprol from Stevia’s leaves was up to 4.5 ± 0.2 mg / g (yields up to 68.5 ± 4.7%, p < 0.05, n = 6). Nox forms a stable complex with suprol. The optical absorption spectrum of the Nox-suprol complex represents the overlapping suprol and Nox spectra, with a certain background increase and characteristic features of optical absorption for Nox. Due to O2− producing capacity suprol-Nox complex discolors KMnO4 solutions, Coomassie brilliant blue, restores nitrotetrazolium blue to formazan and oxidizes epinephrine to adrenochrome. The oxidation activity of adrenaline is 50.3 ± 5.1 U / mg / ml (p < 0.05, n = 6). Conclusion Superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction-Nox complex from Stevia leaves (membranes) can modulate redox regulated signaling pathways and may play a positive role in type-2 diabetes by means of adrenaline oxidation mechanism.

The two cytochromes (cyt) b 558 of acidic nature, one—95–100 kDa and another one, 60–70 kDa were isolated for the first time from the human’s lymphosarcoma tissue cells using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. These hemoproteins possess NADPH dependent O 2 − -producing and ferrihemoglobin-reducing activities. The incubation of neuropeptide PRP-1 (5 μg) with cytochrome b 558 , caused elevation of these activities. The gel filtration results indicated possible binding of PRP-1 to these cytochromes b 558 . PRP-1 activated both NADPH dependent O 2 − -producing and ferriHb-reducing activities of the cyt b 1 558 and cyt b 2 558 , obtained from human lymphosarcoma tissue cells . One can assume that PRP-1 associated with cyt b 558 on the surface of the tumor cells by increasing both NADPH dependent O 2 − -producing and ferriHb-reducing activities of cyt b 558 , increases the oxidation- reduction status. Changing the oxidation–reduction status and oxygen homeostasis of the tumor cells by PRP-1 can serve as one of the possible explanation of antitumorigenic effect of this cytokine.

Changes in the contents of blood metalloproteins with prooxidant (plasma cytochromes b558 I and b558 II, erythrocyte membrane cytochromes b558 III and b558 IV, superoxide-producing plasma lipoprotein suprol, and cytochrome b5 from soluble erythrocyte fractions) and antioxidant activities (Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin) depended on the duration of hypokinesia (5, 10, and 15 days). The content of metalloproteins, particularly cytochrome b5 and ceruloplasmin, increased at the initial stage, but decreased at later stages of hypokinesia (except for cytochrome b5 concentration, which continued to increase).

The two cytochromes (cyt) b^sub 558^ of acidic nature, one--95-100 kDa and another one, 60-70 kDa were isolated for the first time from the human's lymphosarcoma tissue cells using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. These hemoproteins possess NADPH dependent O2 ^sup -^-producing and ferrihemoglobin-reducing activities. The incubation of neuropeptide PRP-1 (5 μg) with cytochrome b^sub 558^, caused elevation of these activities. The gel filtration results indicated possible binding of PRP-1 to these cytochromes b^sub 558^. PRP-1 activated both NADPH dependent O2 ^sup -^-producing and ferriHb-reducing activities of the cyt b^sup 1^ ^sub 558^ and cyt b^sup 2^ ^sub 558^, obtained from human lymphosarcoma tissue cells. One can assume that PRP-1 associated with cyt b^sub 558^ on the surface of the tumor cells by increasing both NADPH dependent O2 ^sup -^-producing and ferriHb-reducing activities of cyt b^sub 558^, increases the oxidation- reduction status. Changing the oxidation-reduction status and oxygen homeostasis of the tumor cells by PRP-1 can serve as one of the possible explanation of antitumorigenic effect of this cytokine.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The two cytochromes (cyt) b(558) of acidic nature, one-95-100 kDa and another one, 60-70 kDa were isolated for the first time from the human's lymphosarcoma tissue cells using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. These hemoproteins possess NADPH dependent O(2)(-)-producing and ferrihemoglobin-reducing activities. The incubation of neuropeptide PRP-1 (5 μg) with cytochrome b(558), caused elevation of these activities. The gel filtration results indicated possible binding of PRP-1 to these cytochromes b(558). PRP-1 activated both NADPH dependent O(2)(-)-producing and ferriHb-reducing activities of the cyt b(1)(558) and cyt b(2)(558), obtained from human lymphosarcoma tissue cells. One can assume that PRP-1 associated with cyt b(558) on the surface of the tumor cells by increasing both NADPH dependent O(2)(-)-producing and ferriHb-reducing activities of cyt b(558), increases the oxidation- reduction status. Changing the oxidation-reduction status and oxygen homeostasis of the tumor cells by PRP-1 can serve as one of the possible explanation of antitumorigenic effect of this cytokine.

The article presents the researches on the morphological characteristics of seedlings, plants and fruits of several valuable Armenian tomato varieties intended for fresh consumption: Lia, Titan, Orange, intended for processing Marine and chery Zeytun, in the hot conditions of the Ararat Plain. The results of the study showed that the investigated varieties of tomato are distinguished from each other by morphological characteristics of plants, fruits of different size, shape, color, they are adaptive in the case of cultivation in the hot climatic conditions of the Ararat Plain. The results of the study allow to guarantee the cultivation of these new cultivars Titan, Orange, Marine, Zeytun in the farms of the zones with similar conditions.

See the retraction notice BIO Web of Conferences 84 , 00001 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248400001