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"Singh, Rajinder"
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Colonic epithelial cell diversity in health and inflammatory bowel disease
The colonic epithelium facilitates host–microorganism interactions to control mucosal immunity, coordinate nutrient recycling and form a mucus barrier. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier underpins inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the specific contributions of each epithelial-cell subtype to this process are unknown. Here we profile single colonic epithelial cells from patients with IBD and unaffected controls. We identify previously unknown cellular subtypes, including gradients of progenitor cells, colonocytes and goblet cells within intestinal crypts. At the top of the crypts, we find a previously unknown absorptive cell, expressing the proton channel OTOP2 and the satiety peptide uroguanylin, that senses pH and is dysregulated in inflammation and cancer. In IBD, we observe a positional remodelling of goblet cells that coincides with downregulation of WFDC2—an antiprotease molecule that we find to be expressed by goblet cells and that inhibits bacterial growth. In vivo, WFDC2 preserves the integrity of tight junctions between epithelial cells and prevents invasion by commensal bacteria and mucosal inflammation. We delineate markers and transcriptional states, identify a colonic epithelial cell and uncover fundamental determinants of barrier breakdown in IBD.
Profiling of single epithelial cells in healthy and inflamed colons identifies specialized cellular subpopulations, including a type of goblet cell that secretes the antibacterial protein WFDC2, which preserves the integrity of the epithelial barrier layer.
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Study of Ultrasonic Scalpel Tonsillectomy Versus Cold Dissection Tonsillectomy
Background The purpose of this study is to compare two different techniques of tonsillectomy, the ultrasonic scalpel, and the cold dissection tonsillectomy. In this study, the duration of the surgery, intraoperative blood loss, post-operative pain and post-operative hemorrhage rate will be compared. Material and Methods This is a randomized controlled study involving 72 patients within the age of 3-40 years old with history of recurrent tonsillitis or tonsillar hypertrophy with obstructive symptoms. The patients are randomized to have both tonsils removed either by cold dissection method or ultrasonic scalpel method. During the surgery, operative time and intra-operative blood loss will be documented. The post-operative pain score was documented by the patient using the visual analog pain score. Post-operative hemorrhage will also be documented if present. Results The data collected will be analysed statistically. The duration of surgery for ultrasonic scalpel tonsillectomy was significantly shorter (mean 14.11 minutes versus 29.09 minutes, p <0.001) and intra-operative bleeding was also significantly lower (mean 9.58 ml versus 87.57 ml, p <0.001). There were no significant mean differences of post-operative pain score between cold dissection and ultrasonic scalpel in first 6 hours up to day 6 of post-surgery. However, post-operative pain score for cold dissection tonsillectomy was significantly less on the 7th day of post-surgery. Conclusions There was no documented post-operative hemorrhage. Ultrasonic scalpel tonsillectomy is more superior compared to cold dissection tonsillectomy in terms of operative time and intra-operative blood loss, however there is no difference in the post-operative pain score. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24 Page : 1142-1148
Journal Article
CCR2 inhibition reduces tumor myeloid cells and unmasks a checkpoint inhibitor effect to slow progression of resistant murine gliomas
Immunotherapy directed at the PD-L1/PD-1 axis has produced treatment advances in various human cancers. Unfortunately, progress has not extended to glioblastoma (GBM), with phase III clinical trials assessing anti-PD-1 monotherapy failing to show efficacy in newly diagnosed and recurrent tumors. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a subset of immunosuppressive myeloid derived cells, are known to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment of GBM. Growing evidence suggests the CCL2–CCR2 axis is important for this process. This study evaluated the combination of PD-1 blockade and CCR2 inhibition in anti-PD-1–resistant gliomas. CCR2 deficiency unmasked an anti-PD-1 survival benefit in KR158 glioma-bearing mice. CD11b⁺/Ly6Chi/PD-L1⁺ MDSCs within established gliomas decreased with a concomitant increase in overall CCR2⁺ cells and MDSCs within bone marrow of CCR2-deficient mice. The CCR2 antagonist CCX872 increased median survival as a monotherapy in KR158 glioma-bearing animals and further increased median and overall survival when combined with anti-PD-1. Additionally, combination of CCX872 and anti-PD-1 prolonged median survival time in 005 GSC GBM-bearing mice. In both models, CCX872 decreased tumor associated MDSCs and increased these cells within the bone marrow. Examination of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed an elevated population, increased IFNγ expression, indicating enhanced cytolytic activity, as well as decreased expression of exhaustion markers in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells following combination treatment. These data establish that combining CCR2 and PD-1 blockade extends survival in clinically relevant murine glioma models and provides the basis on which to advance this combinatorial treatment toward early-phase human trials.
Journal Article
Characterization and Screening of Native Scenedesmus sp. Isolates Suitable for Biofuel Feedstock
In current study isolates of two native microalgae species were screened on the basis of growth kinetics and lipid accumulation potential. On the basis of data obtained on growth parameters and lipid accumulation, it is concluded that Scenedesmus dimorphus has better potential as biofuel feedstock. Two of the isolates of Scenedesmus dimorphus performed better than other isolates with respect to important growth parameters with lipid content of ~30% of dry biomass. Scenedesmus dimorphus was found to be more suitable as biodiesel feedstock candidate on the basis of cumulative occurrence of five important biodiesel fatty acids, relative occurrence of SFA (53.04%), MUFA (23.81%) and PUFA (19.69%), and more importantly that of oleic acid in its total lipids. The morphological observations using light and Scanning Electron Microscope and molecular characterization using amplified 18S rRNA gene sequences of microalgae species under study were also performed. Amplified 18S rRNA gene fragments of the microalgae species were sequenced, annotated at the NCBI website and phylogenetic analysis was done. We have published eight 18S rRNA gene sequences of microalgae species in NCBI GenBank.
Journal Article
Inferior vena cava filter limb embolization to the right ventricle: a case report
Abstract
Background
Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients at a high risk for venous thromboembolism with a contraindication to anticoagulation. Inferior vena cava filters are associated with rare but significant long-term complications such as filter fracture and embolization.
Case summary
We report the case of a 53-year-old female with an IVC filter inserted 8 years back for the management of recurrent bilateral PE resistant to anticoagulation. Imaging revealed an incidental finding of IVC filter limb fracture and migration to the right heart and the hepatic and renal veins. The patient remained asymptomatic with no impairment in cardiac, liver, or renal function. Due to a high operative risk, the broken IVC filter and embolized filter limbs were not retrieved.
Discussion
There is no consensus on the management of intracardiac embolization of IVC filters. Intravascular fragments may be removed by endovascular or surgical approaches, depending on the anatomical location. Following IVC filter insertion, an appropriate follow-up must be put in place to ensure removal and limit clinical sequelae that are otherwise avoidable. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of IVC filter fracture and embolization is recommended.
Journal Article
Simulation modeling of free space optical communication system
The optical wireless communication has been designed by developing a model with the support of MATLAB simulator using Simulink where channel considered to be a free space. In this model, Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel has used to analyze bit error rate (BER) and power loss of optical wireless signal at receiver. The consequence due to turbulence in atmosphere of free space on transmitted signal has examined. The BER and signal power have extremely ruined on rigorous atmospheric unstable condition even for a short distance in an optical wireless channel. The BER of less than 10
has been achieved for free space optical communication considered to be an excellent BER for FSO.
Journal Article
Performance and security analysis of novel ZCCRW codes in lower earth orbit based MDM-OWC incorporating hybrid modulations
Explosive data rate requirements in the satellite communication for surveillance, military services, and broadcasting have put peer pressure on the optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. Secure data transmission against eavesdropper and performance enhancement at authentic user is major concern these days. In this work, performance and security analysis of spectral amplitude codes (SAC) in mode division multiplexed (MDM) OWC have been carried out and a novel zero cross correlation resultant weight (ZCCRW) code at 100 Gbps capacity has been presented. Random diagonal (RD), Enhanced double weight (EDW), Diagonal double weight (DDW) codes have been compared through simulations and also mathematical expressions are derived under the effects of eavesdropper. Hybrid modulations have been compared to check optimal modulation with combination of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG), and HermiteGaussian (HG) modes. Results have revealed that ZCCRW code with MD-DQPSK using LG modes provide best performance and least susceptibility to eavesdropper.
Journal Article
Seaweed extract as a novel elicitor and medium for mass propagation and picroside-I production in an endangered medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa
Picrorhiza kurroa is an endangered medicinal herb, used in the preparation of herbal drugs, mainly due to the presence of two iridoid glycosides, picroside-I (P-I) and picroside-II (P-II). Its over exploitation necessitates the development of conservation strategies and enhanced production of secondary metabolites. In present study, effect of seaweed extract (SWE) with and without growth hormones was studied for in vitro propagation and production of P-I in P. kurroa. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with SWE (MSS) showed 3.23, 1.55, 2.42, 2.52 and 2.41 folds enhancement in total plant biomass, total plant length, number of shoots, root length and number of roots, respectively after 1 month as compared to control C1(MS + sucrose + agar). MSS with growth hormones showed increment of 1.92, 1.14, 1.47, 1.43 and 3.53 folds in total plant biomass, total plant length, number of shoots, root length and number of roots, respectively as compared to control CM (MS + sucrose + growth hormones + agar) after 1 month. SWE media (SWM) showed comparable results and proved to be an economic alternative to MS media. Both MSS and SWM increased P-I accumulation by 3–4 folds and 2–3 folds at 25 ± 2 and 15 ± 2 °C, respectively. Expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, key enzymes of non-mevalonate and mevalonate pathways were up regulated vis-á-vis metabolite content. This is the first report demonstrating the potential of SWE as an elicitor for enhanced growth and P-I production besides being an alternative to MS media for large scale micropropagation of P. kurroa.
Journal Article
A novel miRNA analysis framework to analyze differential biological networks
For understanding complex biological systems, a systems biology approach, involving both the top-down and bottom-up analyses, is often required. Numerous system components and their connections are best characterised as networks, which are primarily represented as graphs, with several nodes connected at multiple edges. Inefficient network visualisation is a common problem related to transcriptomic and genomic datasets. In this article, we demonstrate an miRNA analysis framework with the help of
Jatropha curcas
healthy and disease transcriptome datasets, functioning as a pipeline derived from the graph theory universe, and discuss how the network theory, along with gene ontology (GO) analysis, can be used to infer biological properties and other important features of a network. Network profiling, combined with GO, correlation, and co-expression analyses, can aid in efficiently understanding the biological significance of pathways, networks, as well as a studied system. The proposed framework may help experimental and computational biologists to analyse their own data and infer meaningful biological information.
Journal Article