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Agricultural methane emissions and the potential formitigation
Agriculture is the largest anthropogenic source of methane (CH 4 ), emitting 145 Tg CH 4 y −1 to the atmosphere in 2017. The main sources are enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation and residue burning. There is significant potential to reduce CH 4 from these sources, with bottom-up mitigation potentials of approximately 10.6, 10, 2 and 1 Tg CH 4 y −1 from rice management, enteric fermentation, manure management and residue burning. Other system-wide studies have assumed even higher potentials of 4.8–47.2 Tg CH 4 y −1 from reduced enteric fermentation, and 4–36 Tg CH 4 y −1 from improved rice management. Biogas (a methane-rich gas mixture generated from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and used for energy) also has the potential to reduce unabated CH 4 emissions from animal manures and human waste. In addition to these supply side measures, interventions on the demand-side (shift to a plant-based diet and a reduction in total food loss and waste by 2050) would also significantly reduce methane emissions, perhaps in the order of greater than 50 Tg CH 4 y −1 . While there is a pressing need to reduce emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (CO 2 and N 2 O) due to their persistence in the atmosphere, despite CH 4 being a short-lived greenhouse gas, the urgency of reducing warming means we must reduce any GHG emissions we can as soon as possible. Because of this, mitigation actions should focus on reducing emissions of all the three main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, including CH 4 . This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part1)'.
Journal Article
Exercises for better balance : the stand strong workout for fall prevention and longevity
Good balance is essential. Recent scientific studies point to good balance as an indicator for longevity. As we age, our balance and coordination begin to diminish, leading to a higher risk of falls. In fact, falls are the leading cause of injury among Americans over age 65. The Stand Strong workout presented in this handbook will guide you to improved balance through simple, easy to follow exercises. Now you can reclaim your independence and restore your confidence by improving your coordination and regaining your sense of balance by using Exercises for Better Balance as your guide to freedom and mobility, while helping you to lessen the risks of falls, improve your posture, and restore motor control, all while increasing your strength and energy.
Book
Bearing witness: A grounded theory of the experiences of staff at two United Kingdom Higher Education Institutions following a student death by suicide
Wider networks of people are affected by a suicide death than originally thought, including those whose job-role brings them into contact with a death by suicide of another person. The impact of student suicide within United Kingdom (UK) Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is unexplored and the experiences of staff members remain unknown. It is not known whether staff members have specific postvention needs following a student death by suicide. Any postvention support currently offered to staff members within UK HEIs lacks a context-specific evidence base. This study asked ‘How is a student suicide experienced by staff members within a UK HEI and what are the features of that experience?’ Staff members from diverse job-roles in two UK HEIs responded to a qualitative survey (n = 19) and participated in semi-structured interviews (n = 10). Data were transcribed and subjected to a constructivist grounded theory analysis. Participants’ experiences informed the development of a core category: ’Bearing witness’, which encompassed six further categories: ’Responding to a student suicide’; ’Experiencing a student suicide’; ’Needs and fears’; ’Experiences of support’; ’Human stories’; and ’Cultural stories’. The resulting grounded theory demonstrates how participants’ perceptions of impact are informed by their experiences of undertaking tasks following a student suicide within the community of their HEI. Processes of constructing perceptions of closeness to the student who died are evident amongst participants who did not know the student prior to their death. Tailored postvention support is required to respond to the range and complexity of HEI staff needs following a student death by suicide.
Journal Article
A companion to Greek art
\"A comprehensive, authoritative account of the development Greek Art through the 1st millennium BC. An invaluable resource for scholars dealing with the art, material culture and history of the post-classical world. Includes voices from such diverse fields as art history, classical studies, and archaeology and offers a diversity of views to the topic. Features an innovative group of chapters dealing with the reception of Greek art from the Middle Ages to the present. Includes chapters on Chronology and Topography, as well as Workshops and Technology. Includes four major sections: Forms, Times and Places.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Erratum: 2005 Aug. 11, v. 436, no. 7052, p. 881.
Our understanding of the relationship between the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil temperature affects our predictions of the impact of climate change on soil-stored carbon. One current opinion is that the decomposition of soil labile carbon is sensitive to temperature variation whereas resistant components are insensitive. The resistant carbon or organic matter in mineral soil is then assumed to be unresponsive to global warming. But the global pattern and magnitude of the predicted future soil carbon stock will mainly rely on the temperature sensitivity of these resistant carbon pools. To investigate this sensitivity, we have incubated soils under changing temperature. Here we report that SOM decomposition or soil basal respiration rate was significantly affected by changes in SOM components associated with soil depth, sampling method and incubation time. We find, however, that the temperature sensitivity for SOM decomposition was not affected, suggesting that the temperature sensitivity for resistant organic matter pools does not differ significantly from that of labile pools, and that both types of SOM will therefore respond similarly to global warming.
Journal Article
Midnight sun
When an ex-fixer for a drug king in Oslo acts foolishly, he becomes his former employer's next target and escapes to a quiet Norway community where he finds an opportunity for redemption.
Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture
Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO2, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land use change and agroforestry, livestock management and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500-6000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1, with economic potentials of approximately 1500-1600, 2500-2700 and 4000-4300 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1 at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50 and up to 100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240 and 16 000 Mt CO2-eq. yr−1 at 0-20, 0-50 and 0-100 US$ t CO2-eq.−1, respectively.
Journal Article
Midnight sun
He calls himself Ulf, and the only thing he's looking for is a place where he won't be found by Oslo's most notorious drug lord: the Fisherman. He was once the Fisherman's fixer, but after betraying him, Ulf is now the one his former boss needs fixed. The locals seem to accept Ulf's explanation that he's come to hunt. And a bereaved, taciturn woman and her curious, talkative young son supply him with food, the use of a cabin deep in the woods, a weapon--and companionship that stirs something in him he thought was long dead.
Book
Physical activity in adult users of inpatient mental health services: A scoping review
People with severe mental illness engage in considerably less physical activity than those without. They also experience premature mortality of around 10–25 years. A large proportion of these premature deaths are attributed to modifiable behaviours, including physical activity. The inpatient environment provides an opportunity to support people to become more physically active; however, there is limited evidence on which interventions are most successful and what contextual factors affect their delivery. A scoping review was conducted to help understand the extent and type of evidence in this area and identify research gaps. We included studies of physical activity correlates and interventions in adult inpatient mental health services published in peer-reviewed journals. Reviews, meta-analyses, and papers focusing on eating disorder populations were excluded. We searched the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ASSIA and Web of Science databases for relevant studies published in English. We extracted data on study design, participant characteristics, intervention and control conditions, key findings, and research recommendations. We used a descriptive analytical approach and results are presented in tables and figures. Of 27,286 unique records screened, 210 reports from 182 studies were included. Sixty-one studies reported on correlates of physical activity, and 139 studies reported on physical activity interventions. Most intervention studies used a single-group, pre-post design (40%) and included fewer than 100 participants (86%). Ninety percent of interventions delivered physical activity directly to participants, and 50% included group-based sessions. The duration, type, frequency and intensity of sessions varied. Mental health was the most commonly reported outcome (64%), whereas physical activity was rarely an outcome (13%). Overall, there is a modest but growing body of research on physical activity in adult users of inpatient mental health services. More high-quality trials are needed to advance the field, and future research should target neglected intervention types, outcomes, populations and settings.
Journal Article