Explore the vast range of titles available.

The transformation of religious authority in the digital age is shaped by the interactions between human actors, digital media and algorithmic systems. This study uses digital ethnography to examine how religious authority is constructed and negotiated on digital platforms used by Muslims in Indonesia and globally. This study focuses on seven authoritative figures in the digital Islamic landscape, representing different spectra of authority, from traditional pesantren in Indonesia to transnational apologetics and urban liberalism. The findings reveal patterns of authority delegation in which digital platforms replace human roles in da’wah and Islamic institutions. Religious authority is formed through articulative work that connects the Sunnah, intermediaries (religious scholars), and congregations. Public search data show that digital spaces function as a medium of distribution, where religious authority is shaped by audience responses, message repetition, symbolic affiliation, and the dynamics of debate. This study highlights the role of algorithmic culture and authority representation aesthetics in mediating religious authority in the digital age. Algorithms shape exposure and reach audiences, and representational aesthetics are crucial for disseminating religious content. The study concludes that clerical authority in the digital era results from technocultural mediation, in which the cleric becomes both a figure and representation calculated by machines and validated by the audience’s participation.

The debate over the legitimacy of the Habaib lineage as a source of religious authority, particularly among the Ba'Alawi descendants of Prophet Muhammad, is especially prominent in Indonesia. This debate arises from the lack of contemporaneous evidence and DNA results showing the incompatibility of their haplogroups with the Prophet's descendants. This study analyzed YouTube users' responses by comparing traditional lineage-based claims with modern demands for DNA verification in Indonesia. Through Critical Discourse, Sentiment, and Content Analysis of 4,000 comments, it was found that most users challenged lineage-based authority and demanded scientific proof, while a minority suggested that DNA tests could support lineage claims. Distrust has grown because of historical inconsistencies and suspicions of political manipulation, with some netizens classifying Habaib based on their morals and questioning their immigrant status. This debate underscores the tension between traditional approaches and modern demands for transparency and empirical evidence in Indonesia.

This study examines regulatory, legal, and policy frameworks associated with sustainable development and finance. A bibliometric analysis and Systematic Literature Review (SLR) process were used to select forty-three articles that mapped the development and current trends of sustainable finance laws and regulations. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating sustainability principles into the financial sector and stresses the need to create innovative regulatory frameworks to encourage responsible financial practices. This study identifies key themes, influential authors, and frequently cited legal documents that play a significant role in shaping the discourse surrounding sustainable finance. These findings underscore the need for a flexible and responsive regulatory framework that aligns financial practice with sustainability objectives. This study offers valuable guidance to policymakers, practitioners, and future researchers by providing insights into the legal and regulatory landscapes of sustainable finance. Additionally, potential areas for future research were proposed, such as examining greenwashing and adopting an interdisciplinary approach, to further progress in the field.

Objectives: This study explores how digital platforms, especially YouTube, influence public perception and trust in fatwas issued by institutions such as the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) in an increasingly digital world. It specifically examines MUI fatwas on cryptocurrencies, vaccinations, and boycotts of Israeli products, assessing the impact of digital dissemination on these religious edicts. Methodology: This study employed qualitative content analysis using QSR NVivo 12, focusing on sentiment and thematic elements in YouTube discussions. The methodology incorporates sentiment coding to assess general perceptions and thematic coding to explore the nuances of digital dissemination, public understanding, and trust in religious guidance online. Results: The analysis indicates a predominantly negative sentiment within the Indonesian online community towards MUI's fatwas on vaccines, cryptocurrencies, and boycotting Israeli products. This negativity reflects a disconnect between the public's understanding and acceptance of these religious edicts. Additionally, variations in netizens' comprehension of religious and economic concepts significantly shape their responses to fatwas. This study highlights the need for broader education and more effective communication strategies concerning fatwas, stressing the importance of transparency and context. Originality: This research underscores the criticality of aligning fatwas with Indonesia's contemporary socio-economic and cultural contexts. It advocates for enhancing the capacity and credibility of fatwa institutions in the digital era, focusing on improving communicative capabilities and increasing religious knowledge to ensure fatwas' continued relevance and effectiveness in addressing contemporary challenges.

This study examines the social impact of Gusdurian activists in Ponorogo, Indonesia, using the butterfly effect theory. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research includes in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with key Gusdurian activists and secondary data from media and official Gusdurian sources. Activists’ value-driven actions, based on the principles of divinity, humanity, and justice, significantly transformed the local community. Motivated by their educational and intellectual backgrounds, they engaged in collaborative efforts to address local challenges, such as access to clean water, inclusive education, gender equality, and religious tolerance. The Gusdurian Network functions as a complex adaptive system where individuals’ actions within the network amplify their impact on local development issues. The activists’ narratives underscore the importance of grassroots initiatives for enhancing community resilience and driving social change. This study contributes to the understanding of social activism and the butterfly effect theory, highlighting the transformative potential of value-based activism and community-centered approaches in resolving local problems. Policymakers should recognize and support these grassroots efforts, and future research could examine the butterfly effect on activism across various contexts using mixed methods.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into religious contexts raises significant concerns regarding its ethical, social, and theological implications. This study examines 39 AI incidents that have impacted religion, employing a structured, interdisciplinary methodology that integrates contemporary computational risk assessment with classical Islamic normative theory. The analysis revealed that algorithmic discrimination and religious misinformation were the most dominant risks, accounting for more than one-third of the cases. Other significant risks include the distortion of religious figures' representation, overreliance on AI in religious contexts, and the misuse of AI automation by religious institutions. This study found that most incidents occur accidentally due to post-deployment algorithmic bias or error, while some cases involve human intent in using AI for discrimination or religious hate propaganda. The entities most often involved include Facebook's moderation system, the Chinese government's surveillance AI, and OpenAI's language model. From an Islamic perspective, almost all incidents violate multiple maqāṣid al-sharīʿa simultaneously, especially the safeguarding of religion ( ḥifẓ al-dīn ), life ( ḥifẓ al-nafs ), and freedom ( ḥifẓ al-ḥurriyya ). Most cases threaten primary aspects ( ḍarūriyyāt ), while the rest affect secondary aspects ( ḥājiyyāt ). The level of damage ( mafsada ) ranged from critical to moderate, confirming that AI consistently poses risks to religious life. This study proposes strategic steps to prevent or minimize the potential dangers of AI to religion, including proactive guidelines from religious authorities, policy reforms, ethics-by-design approaches, and community empowerment through education. These findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive evaluative framework that considers technical, social, and theological dimensions in formulating ethical AI policies in the religious domain.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into religious contexts raises significant concerns regarding its ethical, social, and theological implications. This study examines 39 AI incidents that have impacted religion, employing a structured, interdisciplinary methodology that integrates contemporary computational risk assessment with classical Islamic normative theory. The analysis revealed that algorithmic discrimination and religious misinformation were the most dominant risks, accountingfor more than one-third of the cases. Other significant risks include the distortion of religious figures' representation, overreliance on AI in religious contexts, and the misuse of AI automation by religious institutions. This study found that most incidents occur accidentally due to post-deployment algorithmic bias or error, while some cases involve human intent in using AI for discrimination or religious hate propaganda. The entities most often involved include Facebook's moderation system, the Chinese government's surveillance AI, and OpenAI's language model. From an Islamic perspective, almost all incidents violate multiple maqasid al-shari a simultaneously, especially the safeguarding of religion (hifz al-din), life (hifz al-nafs), and freedom (hifz al-hurriyya). Most cases threaten primary aspects (daruriyyat), while the rest affect secondary aspects (hajiyyat). The level of damage (mafsada) ranged from critical to moderate, confirming that AI consistently poses risks to religious life. This study proposes strategic steps to prevent or minimize the potential dangers of AI to religion, including proactive guidelines from religious authorities, policy reforms, ethics-by-design approaches, and community empowerment through education. These findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive evaluative framework that considers technical, social, and theological dimensions in formulating ethical AI policies in the religious domain.

أهداف البحث: يستكشف هذا البحث كيف تؤثر المنصات الرقمية، وخاصة يوتيوب، على تصورات الجمهور وثقتهم في الفتاوى الصادرة عن مؤسسات مثل المجلس العلمي الإندونيسي (MUI) في عالم متزايد الرقمية. يركز بشكل خاص على فتاوى MUI حول العملات المشفرة والتطعيمات ومقاطعة المنتجات الإسرائيلية، مقيمًا تأثير النشر الرقمي على هذه الأحكام الدينية.منهج البحث: يستخدم البحث تحليل المحتوى النوعي باستخدام QSR NVivo 12، مركزًا على العناصر العاطفية والموضوعية في مناقشات يوتيوب. تتضمن المنهجية تشفير المشاعر لتقييم التصورات العامة وتشفير الموضوعات لاستكشاف دقائق النشر الرقمي وفهم الجمهور وثقته في التوجيه الديني عبر الإنترنت.النتائج: تشير التحليلات إلى سيادة المشاعر السلبية في المجتمع الإندونيسي عبر الإنترنت تجاه فتاوى MUI حول اللقاحات والعملات المشفرة ومقاطعة المنتجات الإسرائيلية. تعكس هذه السلبية فجوة في فهم وقبول هذه الأحكام الدينية بين الجمهور العام. كما أن التباين في فهم مستخدمي الإنترنت للمفاهيم الدينية والاقتصادية يؤثر بشكل كبير على ردودهم على هذه الفتاوى. يسلط البحث الضوء على الحاجة إلى تعليم أوسع واستراتيجيات اتصال أكثر فعالية فيما يتعلق بالفتاوى، مؤكدًا على أهمية الشفافية والسياق.أصالة البحث: يؤكد البحث على أهمية توافق الفتاوى مع القضايا الاجتماعية والاقتصادية المعاصرة والسياق الثقافي في إندونيسيا. يقترح تعزيز القدرة والمصداقية لمؤسسات الفتوى في العصر الرقمي، مركزًا على تحسين القدرات التواصلية وزيادة المعرفة الدينية للحفاظ على صلة وفعالية الفتاوى في مواجهة التحديات الحديثة.

E-commerce growth in Indonesia has resulted in increased consumer disputes. This study aims to establish a regulatory framework for Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) in Indonesia using a normative legal research methodology. Secondary data from various sources, including ODR mechanisms from Shopee, Tokopedia, Bukalapak, and Indonesian regulations, were analyzed descriptively and comparatively. ODR offers benefits such as ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and avoidance of legal procedures but faces challenges like consumer awareness, standardization, and regulation. Ideal ODR models for Indonesia include E-Negotiation and E-Mediation, using AI mediators. Complex or high-risk disputes may require E-Mediation with professional mediators and Arbitration with neutral third parties. Implementing ODR models in e-commerce can benefit businesses and consumers by efficiently resolving disputes, but the appropriate model depends on the dispute's risk and complexity. Collaboration between authorities and stakeholders is crucial for ensuring ODR effectiveness in e-commerce dispute resolution and developing a suitable legal framework in Indonesia.