Explore the vast range of titles available.

Previous studies have confirmed stem morphemes (e.g., book ) are identified in any position (e.g., in both bookmark and textbook ) but prefixes and suffixes (e.g., re - in replay and - er in player ) cannot be recognized when moved from their typical word-initial or word-final locations. However, English words with multiple affixes (e.g., unresolved, mindfulness ) suggest there must be further nuance to the positional constraints imposed on affixes in the reading system to facilitate cases where affixes occur in atypical locations but still convey meaning. We used two lexical decision experiments ( N  = 90 native English-speaking participants each) to investigate the positional encoding of mid-embedded suffixes. In Experiment 1 , transposed tri-morphemic nonwords ending in a chain of two suffixes (e.g., spitenessful [derived from spitefulness ]), and transposed nonwords with string-initial suffixes (e.g., fulyouthness [derived from youthfulness ]) were compared against orthographic controls (e.g., spitementdom / domyouthment ). In Experiment 2 , transposed tri-morphemic nonwords ending in a stem (e.g., bestersell [derived from bestseller ]) and transposed nonwords with string-initial suffixes (e.g., erwalksleep [derived from sleepwalker ]) were compared against orthographic controls (e.g., bestalsell / enwalksleep ). Across both experiments, the results revealed a significantly larger morpheme transposition effect relative to controls for the mid-embedded compared with the string-initial suffix conditions. Items like bestersell activated the corresponding lexical representation of “bestseller” and made it more difficult to reject the target nonword, revealing that suffixes are not as strictly positionally encoded as previously assumed. These findings challenge existing predictions of positional requirements for affixes and provide evidence calling for more nuanced theoretical models of morphological processing.

This study used a novel word-training paradigm to examine the integration of spoken word knowledge when learning to read morphologically complex novel words. Australian primary school children including Grades 3–5 were taught the oral form of a set of novel morphologically complex words (e.g., (/vɪbɪŋ/, /vɪbd/, /vɪbz/), with a second set serving as untrained items. Following oral training, participants saw the printed form of the novel word stems for the first time (e.g., vib ), embedded in sentences, while their eye movements were monitored. Half of the stems were spelled predictably and half were spelled unpredictably. Reading times were shorter for orally trained stems with predictable than unpredictable spellings and this difference was greater for trained than untrained items. These findings suggest that children were able to form robust orthographic expectations of the embedded morphemic stems during spoken word learning, which may have occurred automatically without any explicit control of the applied mappings, despite still being in the early stages of reading development. Following the sentence reading task, children completed a reading-aloud task where they were exposed to the novel orthographic forms for a second time. The findings are discussed in the context of theories of reading acquisition.

Plenty Coups's autobiography comes from a time of intensive genocidal warfare both military and legal in scope, yet his account is mediated not so much by significant events in human history as by several significant dreams of animals. I want to consider some of the ways that this narrative is a multispecies, multivocal text composed of many viewpoints, human and more-than-human. Thus my analysis integrates some of the paradoxical disjunctures between the archival records with the book itself by following the animals, the eagle and the chickadee, two birds who serve as guides to Plenty Coups in dreams he has early in life. My thesis is that Plenty Coups shares some of his animal dreams—and does not share other animal dreams—to serve as interpretive cues to future readers.

The first is Otter's Journey through Indigenous Language and Law by Lindsay Keegitah Borrows, a graduate of the University of Victoria's Indigenous Law Research Unit. [...]the evocative language that Borrows offers in her telling of the creation story in her introduction, in her enmeshing of the realities of language revitalization in Canada and New Zealand in Chapter Three, and especially, I find, in her experiences in the Salish Sea in Chapter Five, talking with Raven, serves to make real for me as a reader the power of the stories as conduits to ecologically, linguistically, and legally precise truths. By spending time with the giant, the smaller man learns to see animals and the land at a different scale, and he acquires powerful foods and abilities even as he and the giant part ways.

\"They wanted to showcase the Waterfront area in a different way and bring diversity to the kinds of tours that are offered here.\" [Tania Brunst], 68, who had been in Cape Town for a week, said afterwards: \"This has been my best day so far.\" \"But I like to cycle. This allowed me to get to places I wouldn't be able to get to. I got to see the ocean and the flowers at the (urban) park, where [Sally Petersen] told us the different names of the flowers.\"

\"They wanted to showcase the Waterfront area in a different way and bring diversity to the kinds of tours that are offered here.\" [Tania Brunst], 68, who had been in Cape Town for a week, said afterwards: \"This has been my best day so far.\" \"But I like to cycle. This allowed me to get to places I wouldn't be able to get to. I got to see the ocean and the flowers at the (urban) park, where [Sally Petersen] told us the different names of the flowers.\"

In contrast to blood‐oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI), which relies on changes in blood flow and oxygenation levels to infer brain activity, diffusion fMRI (DfMRI) investigates brain dynamics by monitoring alterations in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water. These ADC changes may arise from fluctuations in neuronal morphology, providing a distinctive perspective on neural activity. The potential of ADC as an fMRI contrast (ADC‐fMRI) lies in its capacity to reveal neural activity independently of neurovascular coupling, thus yielding complementary insights into brain function. To demonstrate the specificity and value of ADC‐fMRI, both ADC‐ and BOLD‐fMRI data were collected at 3 T in human subjects during visual stimulation and motor tasks. The first aim of this study was to identify an acquisition design for ADC that minimises BOLD contributions. By examining the timings in responses, we report that ADC 0/1 timeseries (acquired with b values of 0 and 1 ms/μm2 $$ {\\upmu \\mathrm{m}}^2 $$ ) exhibit residual vascular contamination, while ADC 0.2/1 timeseries (with b values of 0.2 and 1 ms/μm2 $$ {\\upmu \\mathrm{m}}^2 $$ ) show minimal BOLD influence and higher sensitivity to neuromorphological coupling. Second, a general linear model was employed to identify activation clusters for ADC 0.2/1 and BOLD, from which the average ADC and BOLD responses were calculated. The negative ADC response exhibited a significantly reduced delay relative to the task onset and offset as compared to BOLD. This early onset further supports the notion that ADC is sensitive to neuromorphological rather than neurovascular coupling. Remarkably, in the group‐level analysis, positive BOLD activation clusters were detected in the visual and motor cortices, while the negative ADC clusters mainly highlighted pathways in white matter connected to the motor cortex. In the averaged individual level analysis, negative ADC activation clusters were also present in the visual cortex. This finding confirmed the reliability of negative ADC as an indicator of brain function, even in regions with lower vascularisation such as white matter. Finally, we established that ADC‐fMRI time courses yield the expected functional organisation of the visual system, including both grey and white matter regions of interest. Functional connectivity matrices were used to perform hierarchical clustering of brain regions, where ADC‐fMRI successfully reproduced the expected structure of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways. This organisation was not replicated with the b = 0.2 ms/μm2 $$ {\\upmu \\mathrm{m}}^2 $$diffusion‐weighted time courses, which can be seen as a proxy for BOLD (via T2‐weighting). These findings underscore the robustness of ADC time courses in functional MRI studies, offering complementary insights into BOLD‐fMRI regarding brain function and connectivity patterns. This article validates ADC‐fMRI as a tool complementing BOLD‐fMRI, detecting neural activity via neuromorphological coupling. In experiments with motor and visual stimuli at 3 T, ADC‐fMRI was shown to be less prone to vascular contamination and to capture white matter activity.

Functional MRI (fMRI) using the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal provides valuable insight into grey matter activity. However, uncertainty surrounds the white matter BOLD signal. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) offers an alternative fMRI contrast sensitive to transient cellular deformations during neural activity, facilitating detection of both grey and white matter activity. Further, through minimising vascular contamination, ADC-fMRI has the potential to overcome the limited temporal specificity of the BOLD signal. However, the use of linear diffusion encoding introduces sensitivity to fibre directionality, while averaging over multiple directions comes at great cost to temporal resolution. In this study, we used spherical b-tensor encoding to impart diffusion sensitisation in all directions per shot, providing an ADC-fMRI contrast capable of detecting activity independently of fibre directionality. We provide evidence from two task-based experiments on a clinical scanner that isotropic ADC-fMRI is more temporally specific than BOLD-fMRI, and offers more balanced mapping of grey and white matter activity. We further demonstrate that isotropic ADC-fMRI detects white matter activity independently of fibre direction, while linear ADC-fMRI preferentially detects activity in voxels containing fibres perpendicular to the diffusion encoding direction. Thus, isotropic ADC-fMRI opens avenues for investigation into whole-brain grey and white matter functional connectivity. Detecting neural signals in white matter remains a challenge. Here, the authors introduce an isotropic apparent diffusion coefficient fMRI contrast based on neuromorphological coupling, which provides sensitivity to neural signals in both grey and white matter in the human brain.

Left–right asymmetries in the nervous system (lateralisation) influence a broad range of behaviours, from social responses to navigation and language. The role and pathways of endogenous and environmental mechanisms in the ontogeny of lateralisation remains to be established. The domestic chick is a model of both endogenous and experience-induced lateralisation driven by light exposure. Following the endogenous rightward rotation of the embryo, the asymmetrical position in the egg results in a greater exposure of the right eye to environmental light. To identify the genetic pathways activated by asymmetric light stimulation, and their time course, we exposed embryos to different light regimes: darkness, 6 h of light and 24 h of light. We used RNA-seq to compare gene expression in the right and left retinas and telencephalon. We detected differential gene expression in right vs left retina after 6 h of light exposure. This difference was absent in the darkness condition and had already disappeared by 24 h of light exposure, suggesting that light-induced activation is a self-terminating phenomenon. This transient effect of light exposure was associated with a downregulation of the sensitive-period mediator gene DIO2 (iodothyronine deiodinase 2) in the right retina. No differences between genes expressed in the right vs. left telencephalon were detected. Gene networks associated with lateralisation were connected to vascularisation, cell motility, and the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, we know that the extracellular matrix—including the differentially expressed PDGFRB gene—is involved in morphogenesis, sensitive periods, and in the endogenous chiral mechanism of primary cilia, that drives lateralisation. Our data show a similarity between endogenous and experience-driven lateralisation, identifying functional gene networks that affect lateralisation in a specific time window.