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In recent years, several international-comparative studies have analyzed the relationship between migration and native populations' decreasing support for redistributive policies. However, these studies use cross-sectional designs and aggregate the number of foreign-born residents at the national level. Both aspects are theoretically and methodologically problematic. We address these shortcomings by investigating cross-sectional as well as longitudinal effects in the case of Germany, using a combination of individual- and regional-level data for several time points from 1994 to 2010. Our results suggest that native-born populations become more reluctant to support welfare programs when the proportion of foreigners at the regional level increases. This effect is particularly strong in the initial phase of immigration, and it is further moderated by the economic context: the higher the unemployment rate, the more negative is the effect of foreigners on natives' attitude toward providing welfare.

In this article, we consider the gender gap in political participation by analyzing recent survey data about German adolescents. Differentiating between institutional, non-institutional, and expressive participation, we show that, even in Germany where there is strong gender equality, type-specific gender differences persist Testing for resource, socialization, and attitudinal explanations, in multivariate regression analyses, we identify socialization in civic forms of participation together with the lower confidence of women in their personal and political skills as major drivers for the sexual differences in political engagement, especially so for institutionalized forms of participation.

Because they are now members of most Western European parliaments, Populist Radical Right Parties (PRRPs) have the potential to influence the formulation of socio-economic policies. However, scholarly attention so far has nearly exclusively focussed on the impact of PRRPs on what is considered their ‘core issue’, that is migration policy. In this paper, we provide the first mixed methods comparative study of the impact of PRRPs on redistributive and (de-)regulative economic policies. Combining quantitative data with qualitative case studies, our results show that the participation of PRRPs in right-wing governments has noteworthy implications for socio-economic policies. Due to the heterogeneous constituencies of PRRPs, these parties not only refrain from welfare state retrenchment but are also less inclined to engage in deregulation compared with right-wing governments without PRRP participation.

Replications of published studies are of vital importance in any science, and especially in the social sciences, which seem to be particularly vulnerable to issues of reproducibility. Therefore, we gratefully acknowledge Auspurg, Brüderl, and Wöhler's replication of our own study and thank them for their rigorous reanalysis of our data and models. Needless to say, we are also pleased that the replication of our models worked out smoothly. In our initial study (Schmidt-Catran and Spies 2016, henceforth SCS), we analyzed the relationship between immigration and native Germans' support of welfare between 1994 and 2010, testing for conflict and protection arguments. Whereas the latter assumes natives react to immigration with increased demand for social assistance, because they see immigrants as a threat to their own economic well-being, the conflict thesis states that natives' reactions to immigration are driven by cultural concerns, eventually leading to lower support for redistributive policies. Using individual- and regional-level data and differentiating between cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of the latter, we found (1) a negative effect of the share of foreigners on German natives' support for welfare and (2) interaction effects between the share of foreigners and the regional unemployment rate, which supports the conflict hypothesis. We concluded \"that the relationship between migration and welfare-critical attitudes among the native population is not restricted to the United States but can also be identified in Germany\" (SCS 2016: 256)-and thus also in a European setting.

While public debate about derivative transactions has intensified in the last years, the role of political authorities has received only limited attention: On the one hand, political actors take the role of law-makers for this growing market; on the other hand, they actively engage in it as market-participants. This study addresses the determinants of the Swap-transactions of municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia from 2004 to 2008 and discusses three sets of explanatory variables on the local level: the budgetary situation, the financial expertise, and the patterns of political competition. Our quantitative analysis reveals that communal Swap-transactions are mainly driven by the budgetary situation, while the explanatory power of the political variables is rather limited. Adapted from the source document.

While public debate about derivative transactions has intensified in the last years, the role of political authorities has received only limited attention: On the one hand, political actors take the role of law-makers for this growing market; on the other hand, they actively engage in it as market-participants. This study addresses the determinants of the Swap-transactions of municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia from 2004 to 2008 and discusses three sets of explanatory variables on the local level: the budgetary situation, the financial expertise, and the patterns of political competition. Our quantitative analysis reveals that communal Swap-transactions are mainly driven by the budgetary situation, while the explanatory power of the political variables is rather limited. Während die öffentliche Diskussion über den Einsatz von Derivaten in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen hat, ist einem Aspekt dieses Marktes bislang kaum Beachtung geschenkt worden: Politische Akteure setzen nicht nur die Regeln für diese Geschäfte, sondern sind als Marktteilnehmer auch aktiv am Derivatehandel beteiligt. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht diese Studie die Bestimmungsgründe für den Abschluss von Derivatgeschäften der nordrheinwestfälischen Kommunen im Zeitraum von 2004 bis 2008. Wir unterscheiden auf Seiten der erklärenden Variablen die Themenfelder „Kommunale Haushaltslage“, „Finanzexpertise der Kommunen“ sowie den „Politischen Wettbewerb auf kommunaler Ebene“ und stellen in unserer quantitativen Analyse fest, dass vor allem die kommunale Haushaltslage maßgeblich für den Abschluss von Swap-Geschäften verantwortlich ist, während politische Variablen nur eine geringe Erklärungskraft aufweisen.

Key Summary Points Aim To study the association between atypical presentation of COVID-19, frailty and adverse outcomes, as well as the incidence of atypical presentation. Findings In this study, an atypical presentation of COVID-19 was significantly associated with frailty. However, patients with an atypical presentation of COVID-19 did not have worse disease outcomes. Message Physicians need to remain alert for COVID-19 in frail older patients, as they may present without typical complaints. Purpose Older patients with COVID-19 can present with atypical complaints, such as falls or delirium. In other diseases, such an atypical presentation is associated with worse clinical outcomes. However, it is not known whether this extends to COVID-19. We aimed to study the association between atypical presentation of COVID-19, frailty and adverse outcomes, as well as the incidence of atypical presentation. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational multi-center cohort study in eight hospitals in the Netherlands. We included patients aged ≥ 70 years hospitalized with COVID-19 between February 2020 until May 2020. Atypical presentation of COVID-19 was defined as presentation without fever, cough and/or dyspnea. We collected data concerning symptoms on admission, demographics and frailty parameters [e.g., Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS)]. Outcome data included Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, discharge destination and 30-day mortality. Results We included 780 patients, 9.5% ( n  = 74) of those patients had an atypical presentation. Patients with an atypical presentation were older (80 years, IQR 76–86 years; versus 79 years, IQR 74–84, p  = 0.044) and were more often classified as severely frail (CFS 6–9) compared to patients with a typical presentation (47.6% vs 28.7%, p  = 0.004). Overall, there was no significant difference in 30-day mortality between the two groups in univariate analysis (32.4% vs 41.5%; p  = 0.173) or in multivariate analysis [OR 0.59 (95% CI 0.34–1.0); p  = 0.058]. Conclusions In this study, patients with an atypical presentation of COVID-19 were more frail compared to patients with a typical presentation. Contrary to our expectations, an atypical presentation was not associated with worse outcomes.

Nitro fatty acids (NO 2 -FAs) are endogenously generated lipid signaling mediators from metabolic and inflammatory reactions between conjugated diene fatty acids and nitric oxide or nitrite-derived reactive species. NO 2 -FAs undergo reversible Michael addition with hyperreactive protein cysteine thiolates to induce posttranslational protein modifications that can impact protein function. Herein, we report a novel mechanism of action of natural and non-natural nitroalkenes structurally similar to ( E ) 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid (CP-6), recently de-risked by preclinical Investigational New Drug-enabling studies and Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials and found to induce DNA damage in a TNBC xenograft by inhibiting homologous-recombination (HR)-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). CP-6 specifically targets Cys319, essential in RAD51-controlled HR-mediated DNA DSB repair in cells. A nitroalkene library screen identified two structurally different nitroalkenes, a non-natural fatty acid [( E ) 8-nitro- nonadec-7-enoic acid (CP-8)] and a dicarboxylate ester [dimethyl ( E )nitro-oct-4-enedioate (CP- 23)] superior to CP-6 in TNBC cells killing, synergism with three different inhibitors of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and γ-IR. CP-8 and CP-23 effectively inhibited γ-IR-induced RAD51 foci formation and HR in a GFP-reported assay but did not affect benign human epithelial cells or cell cycle phases. In vivo, CP-8 and CP-23's efficacies diverged as only CP-8 showed promising anticancer activities alone and combined with the PARP inhibitor talazoparib in an HR-proficient TNBC mouse model. As preliminary preclinical toxicology analysis also suggests CP-8 as safe, our data endorse CP-8 as a novel anticancer molecule for treating cancers sensitive to homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair inhibitors.Nitro fatty acids (NO 2 -FAs) are endogenously generated lipid signaling mediators from metabolic and inflammatory reactions between conjugated diene fatty acids and nitric oxide or nitrite-derived reactive species. NO 2 -FAs undergo reversible Michael addition with hyperreactive protein cysteine thiolates to induce posttranslational protein modifications that can impact protein function. Herein, we report a novel mechanism of action of natural and non-natural nitroalkenes structurally similar to ( E ) 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid (CP-6), recently de-risked by preclinical Investigational New Drug-enabling studies and Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials and found to induce DNA damage in a TNBC xenograft by inhibiting homologous-recombination (HR)-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). CP-6 specifically targets Cys319, essential in RAD51-controlled HR-mediated DNA DSB repair in cells. A nitroalkene library screen identified two structurally different nitroalkenes, a non-natural fatty acid [( E ) 8-nitro- nonadec-7-enoic acid (CP-8)] and a dicarboxylate ester [dimethyl ( E )nitro-oct-4-enedioate (CP- 23)] superior to CP-6 in TNBC cells killing, synergism with three different inhibitors of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and γ-IR. CP-8 and CP-23 effectively inhibited γ-IR-induced RAD51 foci formation and HR in a GFP-reported assay but did not affect benign human epithelial cells or cell cycle phases. In vivo, CP-8 and CP-23's efficacies diverged as only CP-8 showed promising anticancer activities alone and combined with the PARP inhibitor talazoparib in an HR-proficient TNBC mouse model. As preliminary preclinical toxicology analysis also suggests CP-8 as safe, our data endorse CP-8 as a novel anticancer molecule for treating cancers sensitive to homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair inhibitors.

What is a natural forest disturbance? How well do we understand natural forest disturbances and how might we emulate them in forest management? What role does emulation play in forest management? Representing a range of geographic perspectives from across Canada and the United States, this book looks at the escalating public debate on the viability of natural disturbance emulation for sustaining forest landscapes from the perspective of policymakers, forestry professionals, academics, and conservationists. This book provides a scientific foundation for justifying the use of and a solid framework for examining the ambiguities inherent in emulating natural forest landscape disturbance. It acknowledges the divergent expectations that practitioners face and offers a balanced view of the promises and challenges associated with applying this emerging forest management paradigm.