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Understanding the dynamical nature of the catalytic active site embedded in complex systems at the atomic level is critical to developing efficient photocatalytic materials. Here, we report, using 4D ultrafast electron microscopy, the spatiotemporal behaviors of titanium and oxygen in a titanosilicate catalytic material. The observed changes in Bragg diffraction intensity with time at the specific lattice planes, and with a tilted geometry, provide the relaxation pathway: the Ti⁴=O²⁻ double bond transformation to a Ti³⁺–O¹⁻ single bond via the individual atomic displacements of the titanium and the apical oxygen. The dilation of the double bond is up to 0.8 Å and occurs on the femtosecond time scale. These findings suggest the direct catalytic involvement of the Ti³⁺–O¹⁻ local structure, the significance of nonthermal processes at the reactive site, and the efficient photo-induced electron transfer that plays a pivotal role in many photocatalytic reactions.

Two mesoporous oxide composites of Nd 2 O 3 –SiO 2 and NdOCl–SiO 2 were synthesized using SBA-15 as a template and neodymium nitrate or neodymium chloride as a precursor. The porous Nd 2 O 3 –SiO 2 with a SBA-15-like structure has amorphous walls and the porous NdOCl–SiO 2 with a replicated structure of SBA-15 has crystalline walls. These porous materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. They exhibited significant proton conductivities in the presence of moisture at low temperatures and the highest conductivity observed was 4.55 × 10 −4 S/cm at 47 °C in wet air (RH = 28.6%).

Two mesoporous oxide composites of [Nd.sub.2][O.sub.3]Si[O.sub.2] and NdOCl-Si[O.sub.2] were synthesized using SBA-15 as a template and neodymium nitrate or neodymium chloride as a precursor. The porous [Nd.sub.2][O.sub.3]-Si[O.sub.2] with a SBA-15like structure has amorphous walls and the porous NdOCl-Si[O.sub.2] with a replicated structure of SBA-15 has crystalline walls. These porous materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. They exhibited significant proton conductivities in the presence of moisture at low temperatures and the highest conductivity observed was 4.55 x [10.sup.-4]S/cm at 47°C in wet air (RH = 28.6%).

An equifield strength model has been established to elucidate the formation mechanism for the highly ordered alumina pore arrays and titanium oxide nanotubular arrays prepared via a common electrochemical methodology, anodisation. The fundamentals of the equifield strength model was the equilibrium between the electric field driven oxidation rate of the metal and electric field enhanced dissolution rate of oxide. During the anodic oxidation of metal, pore initiation was believed to generate based on dissolution rate difference caused by inhomogeneity near the metal/oxide interface. The ionic nanoconvection driven by the electric force exerted on the space charge layer in the vicinity of electrolyte/oxide interface is established to be the main driving force of the pore ordering at the early stage of the anodisation. While the equifield strength requirement governs the following formation of the single pore and the self-ordering of random distributed pore arrays during the anodisation process. Hexagonal patterned Al2O3 nanopore arrays and TiO2 nanotubular arrays have been achieved by anodisation of corresponding metal substrates in proper electrolytes. The two characteristic microstructural features of anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) and anodic titanium oxide (ATO) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The observations of the hemispherical electrolyte/oxide and oxide/metal interfaces, uniform thickness of the oxide layer, as well as self-adjustment of the pore size and pore ordering can be well explained by the equifield strength model. Field enhanced dissociation of water is extremely important in determination of the porosity of anodic metal oxide. The porosity of AAO and ATO films was found to be governed by the relative dissociation rate of water which is dependent on anodisation conditions, such as electrolyte, applied voltage, current density and electric field strength. Using an empirical method, the relations between the porosity of the AAO (ATO) films and the anodisation parameters, such as electric field strength, current density and applied voltage, have been established. Besides, the extent that an external electric field can facilitate the heterolytic dissociation of water molecule has been estimated using quantum-chemical model computations combined with the experimental aspect. With these achievements, the fabrication of anodic metal oxide films can be understood and controlled more precisely. Additionally, the impacts of other factors such as the electrolyte type and the temperature effect on the morphology of the anodic products were also investigated. Some important experimental evidences on the pore diameters variation with applied voltage in the anodisation of aluminium and the titanium were obtained for future investigation of the anodic metal oxide formation processes.

Background Childhood myopia, driven by modifiable environmental factors like insufficient outdoor exposure, remains a global challenge. Existing interventions often lack frameworks bridging theory to practice. This study evaluated the Multisensory Multilevel Health Education Model (MMHEM)—a novel model integrating cultural, artistic, and scientific elements—to design a school-based myopia intervention in Yunnan’s minority areas. Methods We conducted a quasi-experimental study based at the school, employing the difference comparison analysis method. A total of 136 students from two middle schools were assigned by convenience sampling to either an MMHEM-based intervention group ( n  = 83) or a control group ( n  = 53). The experimental group consisted of first-grade students from an ethnic middle school, while the control group was composed of first-grade students from another middle school in the same city with similar economic conditions and student sources. Refractive error was measured using non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Outcome measures included myopia prevalence and incidence, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL), which were tracked over a three-year period (from 2020 to 2023). Results The DID analysis revealed a significant intervention effect: the myopic shift (SE) was reduced by 0.18 D (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.31, P  = 0.007), and axial elongation (AL) was slowed by 0.08 mm (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.14, P  = 0.012) in the intervention group relative to controls. Consistent with this, the cumulative incidence of myopia was significantly lower in the intervention group (29.4%) than in the control group (56.6%; P  < 0.01). A similar protective effect was observed for moderate/high myopia incidence (21.3% to 42.6%; P  < 0.05). Furthermore, outdoor activity scores improved significantly in the intervention group (from 10.31 to 11.23, P  < 0.05), although no significant changes were noted in screen time or close-range eye habits. Conclusion A school-based comprehensive intervention, guided by the MMHEM and integrating strategies across the art, culture, and science fields, was associated with a lower incidence of myopia and slower axial elongation over two years compared to a control school. These research results indicate that the intervention measures with cultural customization attributes formulated based on the MMHEM model in this study have initially achieved the set goals, providing methodological references for behavioral intervention in ethnic minority areas. In the future, random controlled trials (RCTs) can be incorporated to further verify the effectiveness of the intervention measures and ensure their wider applicability.

Background Both multimorbidity and activities of daily living (ADL) disability and instrument activities of daily living (IADL) disability are common among elderly individuals. ADL/IADL disability may reduce individuals’ capacities for independent living and quality of life. This study aimed to examine the association between multimorbidity and ADL/IADL disability. Methods A multi-stage cluster sample of 2058 residents aged 80 or older was investigated in Shanghai, China. Multimorbidity was defined as the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases with ten common chronic conditions under consideration. Subjects who responded that they “need partial or full assistance” to any ADL/IADL items were defined as having ADL/IADL disability. We examined the association of multimorbidity with ADL/IADL disability, adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics by using logistic regression. Results Of respondents, 23.23 % had ADL disability, 37.90 % had IADL disability, and 49.17 % had multimorbidity. After adjusted socio-demographic characteristics, a graded association was showed between ADL disability and the quantity of chronic conditions: odds ratio (OR) for 1 condition, 1.53(95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.24); OR for 2 conditions, 2.06(95 % CI, 1.43-2.96); OR for 3 conditions, 3.23(95 % CI, 2.14-4.86); OR for 4 or more conditions, 5.61(95 % CI, 3.26-9.66). Similar associations were also observed between the quantity of chronic conditions and IADL disability. Conclusions The quantity of chronic conditions had relatively strong association with both ADL and IADL disability. Initiating prevention of additional chronic conditions and interventions on clusters of diseases may decrease the potential risk of ADL/IADL disability. Additionally, more attention should been given to the older low-income women living with relatives/non-relatives with multimorbidity.

It is critical for the smart grid to mining the power users’ consumption behaviors. The accumulation of power data provides the possibility of conducting experiments for research focus on behavior analysis. This paper proposes a residential power users’ classification method based on typical load patterns called UCM-LP, to classify users’ power consumption behavior. The method firstly performs fuzzy grouping on the typical power consumption characteristics of multiple users through two-stage clustering, then divides cluster label to obtain the final power consumption categories of the user. Finally, this paper verified the algorithm using the real household power consumption data, obtaining the specific power consumption category patterns and discussed the differences among power consumption categories.

We present a straightforward emulsion-induced interfacial anisotropic assembly method for in- situ synthesis of bowl-shaped, self-encapsulated mesoporous polydopamine (BMPDA) nanocontainers (M-M@P) loaded with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (2-MBI). Results showed that the loading capacity of the bowl-shaped mesoporous polydopamine reaches 24 wt.%. The M-M@P exhibits a cumulative MBI release of 91.61% after immersion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at pH = 2 for 24 h, accompanied by a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 95.54%. Additionally, the acid-responsive M-M@P not only enables controlled release of MBI but also synergistically promotes the formation of a protective film on the carbon steel substrate via the chelation of PDA-Fe3+, thereby enhancing the self-healing performance of waterborne epoxy coatings.