Explore the vast range of titles available.

Features of transmission electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) observation with a standard EBSD ( s -EBSD) detector are surveyed in this study. Heavily deformed Al and 8Cr tempered martensite transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens were used for this study. It is shown that a specimen tilt angle of ~30°–40° in the opposite direction of the usual 70° and a smaller working distance in the range 4 mm–5 mm are recommended when using a s -EBSD detector. Specimen thickness and accelerating voltage (Acc.V) have a strong affect on the quality of transmission EBSD patterns and orientation maps. Higher Acc.Vs are generally recommended to get good quality orientation maps. In case of very thin specimens, lowering the Acc.Vs will give better results. In the observation of a thin film of an 8Cr tempered martensite steel specimen, it is confirmed that t -EBSD can provide images and detailed quantitative orientation data comparable with that obtained by TEM. It is also shown that small precipitates of Cr 23 C 6 with sizes around 30 nm could be detected and their orientations measured.

Phytoremediation can be applied successfully to solve the serious worldwide issue of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) pollution. However, the treatment of biomass containing toxic elements after remediation is a challenge. In this study, we investigated the effective use of biomass resources by converting the As hyperaccumulator P. vittata into biochar to adsorb toxic elements. Plant biomass containing As was calcined at 600, 800, and 1200 °C, and its surface structure and adsorption performances for As(V) and Cd were evaluated. Pyrolysis at 1200 °C increased the specific surface area of the biochar, but it did not significantly affect its adsorption capacity for toxic elements. The calcined biochar had very high adsorption capacities of 90% and 95% for As(V) and Cd, respectively, adsorbing 6000 mmol/g-biochar for As(V) and 4000 mmol/g-biochar for Cd. The As(V) adsorption rate was improved by FeCl3 treatment. However, the adsorption capacity for Cd was not significantly affected by the NaOH treatment. In conclusion, it was found that after phytoremediation using P. vittata biomass, it can be effectively used as an environmental purification material by conversion to biochar. Furthermore, chemical modification with FeCl3 improves the biochar’s adsorption performance.

The dislocation analysis of latent scratch induced chemical mechanical polishing process on 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) using the multi directional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) method and elastic stain measurement were performed. A scanning electron microscope image shows that a latent scratch extended toward the [30] direction and the width is about 50 nm. Cross sectional STEM images shows that the depth of latent scratch due to distortion is about 20 nm. From the result of plan view STEM observation along [000] direction, it was observed that a latent scratch had two defect lines toward the [30] direction, which were a loop type on upper side and a linear type on the lower side. The Burgers vector of each defect have a component in basal plane. Elastic strain mapping was performed using transmission electron microscope equipped with a procession diffraction system. Inside the latent scratch indicates stain-free field, however around latent scratch indicates compressive strain field. About 1.5 % compressive strain field x, y direction and shear strain along latent scratch exists on typical area. As a results of STEM and elastic strain analysis, the atomic arrangement in basal plane seems to be related with the compressive strain around latent scratch.

The fronds of the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis are regarded as healthy foods and are used as skin care agents because they are rich in dietary fibres, minerals, and antioxidant compounds. However, E. bicyclis stems have been overlooked thus far. In this study, we determined the in vitro antioxidant and antiglycation properties of E. bicyclis stems and their dietary effects on mice fed a high-sucrose and low-fibre diet. The total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, ferric-reducing power, and antiglycation activity of the E. bicyclis stem-aqueous extract solution were higher than those of the fronds. The diet containing 5% (w/w) dried E. bicyclis stems increased excretion frequency and faecal and caecal weight and decreased plasma cholesterol levels. The abundance of Bacteroidaceae family and Akkermancsia muciniphila-, Bacteroides acidifaciens-, Phocaeicola vulgatus-, and Parabacteroides goldsteinii-like bacteria increased in E. bicyclis stem-fed mice. These results suggested that E. bicyclis stems could be a source of functional foods and cosmetic products.

This book is a formal and functional study of the three distinct meters of Old Norse eddic poetry, fornyrðislag, málaháttr, and ljóðaháttr. It provides a systematic account of these archaic meters, both synchronic and diachronic, and from a comparative Germanic perspective; particularly concerned with Norse innovations in metrical practice, Suzuki explores how and why the three meters were shaped in West Scandinavia through divergent reorganization of the Common Germanic metrical system. The book constitutes the first comprehensive work on the meters of Old Norse eddic poetry in a single coherent framework; with thorough data presentation, detailed philological analysis, and sophisticated linguistic explanation, the book will be of enormous interest to Old Germanic philologists/linguists, medievalists, as well as metrists of all persuasions. A strong methodological advantage of this work is the extensive use of inferential statistical techniques for giving empirical support to specific analyses and claims being adduced. Another strength is a cognitive dimension, a (re)construction of a prototype-based model of the metrical system and its overall characterization as an integral part of the poetic knowledge that governed eddic poets' verse-making technique in general.

Automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis is frequently used to investigate the change in crystallographic orientation that occurs when polycrystalline materials deform. Through crystallographic slip, the crystal lattice within a grain rotates. However, the crystal lattice rotation in each grain is constrained by the lattices of the neighboring grains while rotating. These competing factors lead to the development of orientation gradients and substructure in deformed polycrystals. In situ uniaxial tensile deformation was carried out in the scanning electron microscope while employing simultaneous automated EBSD analysis to characterize grain rotation, both in terms of the overall rotation of the lattice and the development of orientation gradients within the grain. The impact of these factors can be seen at the grain boundaries in the deformed structure where the local orientations diverge from the orientation at the grain interior. Automated in situ EBSD analysis allows the quantitative nature of specific metrics based on local variations in orientation to illuminate the physical mechanisms underlying the stress strain response during a mechanical test.

Cell-mediated gene therapy for visceral lesions of lysosomal storage diseases is promising; however, the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) lesions remains a challenge. In this study, we generated rat amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) that overexpress and secrete human β-glucuronidase (GUSB) following transduction with an adenoviral vector encoding human GUSB. The AEC were used as donor cells for cell-mediated gene therapy of CNS lesions in mice with mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPSVII), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by an inherited deficiency of GUSB activity. After confirmation that the secreted GUSB was taken up mainly via mannose 6-phosphate receptors in primary cultured neurons, the AEC were transplanted into the brains of adult MPSVII mice. Histochemical analysis showed extensive GUSB activity throughout the ipsilateral hemisphere of the recipient brains, and pathological improvement of the lysosomal storage was observed even in regions far from the site of injection. These results suggest that intracerebral transplantation of genetically engineered AEC has therapeutic potential for the treatment of CNS lesions in lysosomal storage disorders.

We observed the high-speed anisotropic motion of an individual gold nanoparticle in 3D at the picometer scale using a high-energy electron probe. Diffracted electron tracking (DET) using the electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns of labeled nanoparticles under wet-SEM allowed us to super-accurately measure the time-resolved 3D motion of individual nanoparticles in aqueous conditions. The highly precise DET data corresponded to the 3D anisotropic log-normal Gaussian distributions over time at the millisecond scale.

The short duration of expression of the transgenes is a major barrier to the clinical application of adenovirus-mediated gene therapy for hepatic enzyme deficiencies. Previous reports show that Fas-mediated apoptosis has a pivotal role in the rapid elimination of adenovirus-infected hepatocytes. After considering this result and our recent observation that murine hepatocytes can be protected from Fas-mediated apoptosis by expressing cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) in vivo, we hypothesized that CrmA coexpression could also prevent adenovirus-infected hepatocytes from rapid elimination and that this would make prolonged transgene expression achievable in vivo. To examine this, mice with congenital deficiency of lysosomal β-glucuronidase (GUSB) were infected with recombinant adenoviruses expressing both CrmA and GUSB, and the duration of transgene expression was evaluated. The serum GUSB activity in the mice injected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing GUSB only became undetectable 60 days after the injection, whereas higher than normal GUSB activity was observed for at least 120 days in mice injected with adenoviruses expressing both GUSB and CrmA. Furthermore, we showed that exogenous CrmA expression could prevent the adenovirus-infected hepatocytes from cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. These observations indicate that transgene expression after administration of E1-deleted adenovirus is prolonged by coexpression of the antiapoptotic protein CrmA.

Suzuki reexamines the delimitation of phenomena subsumable under Max Kaluza's law and the chronological implications of the law and their interpretation. Suzuki uses \"Beowulf\" to give an explanatory account of the law.