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The low efficacy of antipsychotic drugs (e.g., clozapine) for negative symptoms and cognitive impairment has led to the introduction of adjuvant therapies. Because previous data suggest the procognitive potential of the antidiabetic drug metformin, this study aimed to assess the effects of chronic clozapine and metformin oral administration (alone and in combination) on locomotor and exploratory activities and cognitive function in a reward-based test in control and a schizophrenia-like animal model (Wisket rats). As impaired dopamine D1 receptor (D 1 R) function might play a role in the cognitive dysfunctions observed in patients with schizophrenia, the second goal of this study was to determine the brain-region-specific D 1 R-mediated signaling, ligand binding, and mRNA expression. None of the treatments affected the behavior of the control animals significantly; however, the combination treatment enhanced D 1 R binding and activation in the cerebral cortex. The Wisket rats exhibited impaired motivation, attention, and cognitive function, as well as a lower level of cortical D 1 R binding, signaling, and gene expression. Clozapine caused further deterioration of the behavioral parameters, without a significant effect on the D 1 R system. Metformin blunted the clozapine-induced impairments, and, similarly to that observed in the control animals, increased the functional activity of D 1 R. This study highlights the beneficial effects of metformin (at the behavioral and cellular levels) in blunting clozapine-induced adverse effects.

In the general scheme of gravity field modelling long-, medium- and short-wavelength constituents of the gravity field derived from e.g. geopotential model, terrestrial data and digital terrain model respectively, are routinely combined. In this study, spectral characteristics of terrestrial data sets are investigated. The estimation of spectral sensitivity of gravity related quantities such as gravity anomaly, vertical deflections and gravity gradients was accomplished through Fourier PSD and covariance analysis depending on the spatial distribution of data points. The information content of the estimated spectra were validated on global and local levels to access their further utilization. The spectra were compared to the 1D spectrum of the gravitational field derived from spherical harmonic coefficients using a high resolution global gravitational model as well as to an analytical approximation. Besides the frequency domain investigations the information content regarding the different wavelength structure comprised in terrestrial and EGM2008 model is investigated in the space domain based on covariance analysis. As a combined validation process the gravity degree variances were transformed to the necessary auto- and cross covariance functions to predict geoid height from gravity anomaly, which ensures an independent validation process of the computed spectrum. Based on the spectral characteristics of terrestrial measurement spectral weights for spectral combination were derived involving global gravity field model, gravity and gravity gradient data in gravity field modelling. To determine the geoid in the whole spectral band the specific integral kernels in the spectral domain should be modified using the suggested spectral weights.

Topographic masses have a strong impact on the medium and short wavelength components of the gravitational signal generated by the mass of the Earth, thus digital terrain models (DTM) are routinely involved in gravity field modelling. In this study the verification of the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) which is a joint product of METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan) and NASA has been done by comparing them to the points of the horizontal and vertical control networks of Hungary. SRTM data fit better to geodetic ground control points than ASTER GDEM, since some artefacts have been found in ASTER elevation set which impede further use of the latter without any pre-processing. Since SRTM is an “unclassified” surface model including all those points which reflected the scanning radar signal thus tree canopy height has been compared to the differences of SRTM and DTM elevations in a hilly test area in Hungary where a local and accurate DTM having 20 m × 20 m horizontal resolution was available. Considerable agreement was indicated between forest height and model differences. Model differences were evaluated to determine their effect synthetically on gravity related quantities. Their influence on geoid height is insignificant, but the change of the investigated second derivatives of the potential is considerable.

A new quasi-geoid model for Hungary was determined by combining gravity data, GPS/levelling and vertical deflections. Reduction of the measurements was performed by using Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) elevation data sets. Calculation method was Least Squares Collocation (LSC) with self-consistent planar logarithmic covariance model. In the computations the weights of GPS/levelling data were large, in this way normal heights obtained from levelling are consistent with GPS heights and with the quasi-geoid model. Astrogeodetic-gravimetric, pure astrogeodetic and pure gravimetric solutions have been calculated besides the combined solution to investigate the discrepancies among the different models. The combined quasi-geoid model fits to the GPS/levelling data with standard deviation of ±4.9 cm, nevertheless at some GPS/levelling sites large differences were indicated.

Rock salt has remarkable mechanical properties and high economic importance; however, the strength of salt compared to other rocks makes it a rather vulnerable material. Human activities could lead to acceleration of the dissolution of soluble rock salt and collapse of subsurface caverns. Although sinkhole development can be considered a local geological disaster regarding the characteristic size of surface depressions, the deformations can result in catastrophic events. In this study we report the spatiotemporal evolution of surface deformation in the Solotvyno salt mine area in Ukraine based on Sentinel-1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements. Although the mining operations were finished in 2010, several sinkholes have been opened up since then. Our results show that despite the enormous risk management efforts, the sinkholes continue to expand with a maximum line-of-sight deformation rate of 5 cm/yr. The deformation time series show a rather linear feature, and unfortunately no slowdown of the processes can be recognized based on the investigated 4.5-year-long data set. We utilized both ascending and descending satellite passes to discriminate the horizontal and vertical deformations, and our results revealed that vertical deformation is much more pronounced in the area. Analytical source modeling confirmed that the complex deformation pattern observed by Sentinel-1 radar interferometry has a direct connection to the former mining activity and is confined to the mining territory. With the 6 d repetition time of Sentinel-1 observations, the evolution of surface changes can be detected in quasi real time, which can facilitate disaster response and recovery.

Today, companies have to face new challanges because of the globalization, new technologies, globalization of markets and increasing competition. In this accelerated world, it is essential that the companies adapt to the market, which is only available through the necessary information. The importance of market research is undoubted. In our study we would like to prove that in case of a beginner company -- in this case a confectionery -- it is important to perform a market research like for a company in any other segment. To perform it, the qualitative market research methods were used. Our questionnaire examines several aspects in order to provide an indication of the company's founding.

The AlpArray Gravity Research Group (AAGRG), as part of the European AlpArray program, focuses on the compilation of a homogeneous surface-based gravity data set across the Alpine area. In 2017 10 European countries in the Alpine realm agreed to contribute with gravity data for a new compilation of the Alpine gravity field in an area spanning from 2 to 23∘ E and from 41 to 51∘ N. This compilation relies on existing national gravity databases and, for the Ligurian and the Adriatic seas, on shipborne data of the Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine and of the Bureau Gravimétrique International. Furthermore, for the Ivrea zone in the Western Alps, recently acquired data were added to the database. This first pan-Alpine gravity data map is homogeneous regarding input data sets, applied methods and all corrections, as well as reference frames. Here, the AAGRG presents the data set of the recalculated gravity fields on a 4 km × 4 km grid for public release and a 2 km × 2 km grid for special request. The final products also include calculated values for mass and bathymetry corrections of the measured gravity at each grid point, as well as height. This allows users to use later customized densities for their own calculations of mass corrections. Correction densities used are 2670 kg m−3 for landmasses, 1030 kg m−3 for water masses above the ellipsoid and −1640 kg m−3 for those below the ellipsoid and 1000 kg m−3 for lake water masses. The correction radius was set to the Hayford zone O2 (167 km). The new Bouguer anomaly is station completed (CBA) and compiled according to the most modern criteria and reference frames (both positioning and gravity), including atmospheric corrections. Special emphasis was put on the gravity effect of the numerous lakes in the study area, which can have an effect of up to 5 mGal for gravity stations located at shorelines with steep slopes, e.g., for the rather deep reservoirs in the Alps. The results of an error statistic based on cross validations and/or “interpolation residuals” are provided for the entire database. As an example, the interpolation residuals of the Austrian data set range between about −8 and +8 mGal and the cross-validation residuals between −14 and +10 mGal; standard deviations are well below 1 mGal. The accuracy of the newly compiled gravity database is close to ±5 mGal for most areas. A first interpretation of the new map shows that the resolution of the gravity anomalies is suited for applications ranging from intra-crustal- to crustal-scale modeling to interdisciplinary studies on the regional and continental scales, as well as applications as joint inversion with other data sets. The data are published with the DOI https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2020.045 (Zahorec et al., 2021) via GFZ Data Services.

This study deals with the leadership attitudes of local authorities in the North Great Plain region. The study is part of a research project dealing with organisational culture. In order to examine the organisational culture, the GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) questionnaire was used, which was also applied in the research programme \"Compete the World!\" at the Corvinus University in Budapest. Koopman, Den Hartog, Konrad et al. (1999) examined the culture variables of 21 European countries, while Brodbeck et al. examined the values of leadership variables in European clusters. This study deals with the examination of the leadership variables of local authorities. No similar examination of local authorities has ever been presented in the Hungarian and international specialised literature.

In the Robot Laboratory of Mechatronics Department during practical classes of robot programming, the participants observed that the KUKA KR5 Arc robot arm's practicing tool does not accurately follow the programmed path in every case. In accordance to Lean approaches, the observations of the participants were taken into consideration and the possible sources of error were identified. One of them is the robot arm itself, which is responsible for the execution of the programmed movements. The goal of this research is to develop a system which makes it possible to exclude the robot arm as a potential source of error from the error analysis. For this purpose, a monitoring system was developed which supports the Lean production by implementing one of the main pillars of the Toyota Production System. Jidoka is one of the main pillars, which means that the production process is automatically stopped if an error condition arises. The method was first implemented by Sakichi Toyoda in 1896, who developed a simple device for automatic looms, which stopped the machine if the thread broke. Using this principle, the autonomation - automation with human touch - of the robot arm is achieved.

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic affected adolescents' sexual and reproductive health (SRH) behaviors and access to services. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (n=7,705) on sexual activity, condom and contraceptive use, and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. We tested differences in SRH outcomes by demographics, racism experience, and English proficiency. Results. Current sexual activity was higher among students reporting ever experiencing racism at school and self-rating how well they can speak English as \"not well.\" Condom use differed by sex, sexual identity, and sex of sexual contacts. Demographic differences in contraceptive use were also identified. Sexually active females (vs. males) and males with same-sex or both-sex contacts (vs. opposite-sex) had higher STI testing. Conclusion. Differences by students' demographic characteristics and experiences during the pandemic highlight needs to enhance accessibility and quality of adolescent SRH services and education in schools, clinics, and communities.