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Evidence accumulation models (EAMs) have become the dominant theoretical framework for rapid decision-making, and while many theoretically distinct variants exist, comparisons have proved challenging due to strong mimicry in their predictions about choice response time data. One solution to reduce mimicry is constraining these models with double responses, which are a second response that is made after the initial response. However, instructing participants that they are allowed to change their mind could influence their strategy for initial responding, meaning that explicit double responding paradigms may not generalise to standard paradigms. Here, we provide a validation of explicit double responding paradigms, by assessing whether participants’ initial decisions – as measured by diffusion model parameters – differ based on whether or not they were instructed that they could change their response after their initial response. Across three experiments, our results consistently indicate that allowing for changes of mind does not influence initial responses, with Bayesian analyses providing at least moderate evidence in favour of the null in all cases. Our findings suggest that explicit double responding paradigms should generalise to standard paradigms, validating the use of explicit double responding in future rapid decision-making studies.

Abstract Study Objectives Prior work has established associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disrupted sleep, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but few studies have examined health correlates of nightmares beyond risks conferred by PTSD. This study examined associations between nightmares and CVD in military veterans. Methods Participants were veterans (N = 3468; 77% male) serving since September 11, 2001, aged 38 years (SD = 10.4); approximately 30% were diagnosed with PTSD. Nightmare frequency and severity were assessed using the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS). Self-reported medical issues were assessed using the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study Self-report Medical Questionnaire. Mental health disorders were established using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. The sample was stratified by the presence or absence of PTSD. Within-group associations between nightmare frequency and severity and self-reported CVD conditions, adjusting for age, sex, race, current smoking, depression, and sleep duration. Results Frequent and severe nightmares during the past week were endorsed by 32% and 35% of participants, respectively. Those endorsing nightmares that were frequent, severe, and the combination thereof were more likely to also evidence high blood pressure (ORs 1.42, OR 1.56, and OR 1.47, respectively) and heart problems (OR 1.43, OR 1.48, and OR 1.59, respectively) after adjusting for PTSD diagnosis and other covariates. Conclusions Nightmare frequency and severity among veterans are associated with cardiovascular conditions, even after controlling for PTSD diagnosis. Study findings suggest that nightmares may be an independent risk factor for CVD. Additional research is needed to validate these findings using confirmed diagnoses and explore potential mechanisms. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

IntroductionThere are well-established sex differences in central hemodynamic and cardiac adaptations to endurance exercise; however, controversial evidence suggests that excessive endurance exercise may be related to detrimental cardiovascular adaptations in marathoners.PurposeTo examine left ventricle (LV) structure, LV function, 24-h central hemodynamics and ventricular–vascular coupling in male and female marathoners and recreationally active adults.Methods52 marathoners (41 ± 5 years, n = 28 female, completed 6 ± 1 marathons/3 years) and 49 recreationally active controls (42 ± 5 years, n = 25 female) participated in the study. Three-Dimensional Echocardiography (3DE) was used to measure LV mass index and LV longitudinal (LS) circumferential (CS), area (AS), and radial strain (RS). An ambulatory blood pressure (BP) cuff was used to measure 24-h central hemodynamics (BP, pulse wave velocity, PWV, wave reflection index, RIx). Hemodynamic and 3DE measures were combined to derive the ratio of arterial elastance (Ea) to ventricular elastance (Elv) as a global measure of ventricular–vascular coupling.ResultsThere were no sex or group differences in LS, CS, AS, and RS (p > 0.05). Females marathoners had similar aortic BP (116 ± 9 vs. 113 ± 1 mmHg), and PWV (5.9 ± 0.5 vs. 5.9 ± 1.1 m/s) compared to female controls but lower aSBP (116 ± 9 vs. 131 ± 10 mmHg) and PWV (5.9 ± 0.5 vs. 6.2 ± 0.5 m/s) compared to male marathoners (p < 0.05). Female marathoners had lower Ea/Elv than female controls (0.67 ± 0.20 vs. 0.93 ± 0.36) and male marathoners (0.67 ± 0.20 vs. 0.85 ± 0.42, p < 0.05).ConclusionsWomen that have completed multiple marathons do not have reduced LV function or increased aortic stiffness and may have better ventricular–vascular coupling compared to male marathoners and their female untrained counterparts.

The U.S. overdose crisis is now driven by polysubstance use involving fentanyl and stimulants. We received funding through the National Institutes on Drug Abuse’s Helping to End Addiction Long-Term (HEAL) initiative to conduct longitudinal qualitative research on polysubstance use among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) in San Francisco, California. An Intersectional Risk Environment Framework was used to examine the interaction between social, structural, and environmental factors and overdose vulnerability. During the data collection period, San Francisco implemented multiple policies that increased the criminalization of PEH, and several service organizations closed or had limited services, necessitating a combination of methods to capture structural and community shifts in real-time. We recruited participants from community partner sites in four San Francisco neighborhoods to obtain a diverse study sample, enrolling 66 participants. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews, starting with baseline and life history interviews, and six-month follow-up. We recruited a subset of participants to take part in photovoice and ethnographic activities. All study visits were compensated. Our study approach centered participant autonomy and expertise throughout the research process. We employed a combination of multiple intentional and innovative methods designed to build trust at the community and participant levels, improve data quality, and enhance study retention including: (1) meaningful long-term reciprocal community engagements with stakeholders and service delivery organizations; (2) diverse, intersectional recruitment and equitable compensation to promote autonomy; (3) conducting life history interviews that addressed intersectional trauma histories after the first baseline interview; (4) addressing follow-up challenges with compensated check-ins, establishing a study community-based location, and hiring a community consultant; and (5) facilitating deep phenomenological data collection through photovoice and ethnography. This paper discusses the rationale for these combined approaches and lessons learned from conducting longitudinal qualitative research with a community in real-time during enhanced risk for criminalization and overdose fatality.