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Since its discovery in early 1990s, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has been increasingly recognized for its key role in transcriptional control of more than a hundred genes that regulate a wide-spectrum of cellular functional events, including angiogenesis, vasomotor control, glucose and energy metabolism, erythropoiesis, iron homeostasis, pH regulation, cell proliferation and viability. Evidence accumulated during the past 7 years suggests a critical role for HIF-1α in mediating cardioprotection. The purpose of our present article is to provide an updated overview on this important regulator of gene expression in the cellular stress-responsive and adaptive process. We have particularly emphasized the involvement of HIF-1 in the induction of cardioprotective molecules, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1), and erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn alleviate myocardial damages caused by harmful events such as ischemia-reperfusion injury. Despite these advances, further in-depth studies are needed to elucidate the possible coordination or interaction between HIF-1α and other key transcription factors in regulating protein expression that leads to cardioprotection.

Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans with causative variants in over 140 genes. With few exceptions, however, the population-specific distribution for many of the identified variants/genes is unclear. Until recently, the extensive genetic and clinical heterogeneity of deafness precluded comprehensive genetic analysis. Here, using a custom capture panel (MiamiOtoGenes), we undertook a targeted sequencing of 180 genes in a multi-ethnic cohort of 342 GJB2 mutation-negative deaf probands from South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, India, Guatemala, and the United States (South Florida). We detected causative DNA variants in 25 % of multiplex and 7 % of simplex families. The detection rate varied between 0 and 57 % based on ethnicity, with Guatemala and Iran at the lower and higher end of the spectrum, respectively. We detected causative variants within 27 genes without predominant recurring pathogenic variants. The most commonly implicated genes include MYO15A , SLC26A4 , USH2A , MYO7A , MYO6 , and TRIOBP. Overall, our study highlights the importance of family history and generation of databases for multiple ethnically discrete populations to improve our ability to detect and accurately interpret genetic variants for pathogenicity.

Parkinson's disease (PD) has had six genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted as well as several gene expression studies. However, only variants in MAPT and SNCA have been consistently replicated. To improve the utility of these approaches, we applied pathway analyses integrating both GWAS and gene expression. The top 5000 SNPs (p<0.01) from a joint analysis of three existing PD GWAS were identified and each assigned to a gene. For gene expression, rather than the traditional comparison of one anatomical region between sets of patients and controls, we identified differentially expressed genes between adjacent Braak regions in each individual and adjusted using average control expression profiles. Over-represented pathways were calculated using a hyper-geometric statistical comparison. An integrated, systems meta-analysis of the over-represented pathways combined the expression and GWAS results using a Fisher's combined probability test. Four of the top seven pathways from each approach were identical. The top three pathways in the meta-analysis, with their corrected p-values, were axonal guidance (p = 2.8E-07), focal adhesion (p = 7.7E-06) and calcium signaling (p = 2.9E-05). These results support that a systems biology (pathway) approach will provide additional insight into the genetic etiology of PD and that these pathways have both biological and statistical support to be important in PD.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between cervical and lumbar range of motions, pain and postural problems with the time spent in the occupation in dentists. Methods: A total of 56 dentists (27 males, 29 females), participated in this research as a volunteer (age=29.55±9.5 years). Firstly, the participants were divided into 3 groups according to the working years in their life and the time spent at unit during the day; they were also divided into 2 groups according to the intermittent or uninterrupted working conditions during the day. Cervical and lumbar joint range of motions were measured to determine limitations. The McGill pain scale survey was used to evaluate the pain. Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests with a posthoc Bonferroni test were used for all statistical analyses. Results: It was seen that the cervical and lumbar joint range of motions decreased, and the postural deformities in the spine and knee were observed and the level of pain increased significantly in comparatively to the excess of the time spent in the profession. However, in the analysis according to the time spent at the unit during the day, only the decrease in the range of motion of the regions was determined with the increase of the time spent at the unit during the day. Conclusion: With the increase in the working years in the dentists, it was revealed that the limitation of the range of motion increased and posture disorders and pain were formed. It is thought that all these problems will be caused by working in non-ergonomic environments for a long time. In this respect, it is important to include experts in the field of physiotherapy in the courses given under the name of preventive medicine. As a result, it can be said that the health problems encountered with the increase in time spent in the profession have increased.

Kinesio tape and proprioceptive exercises are both used for increasing balance in dancers. The purposes of this study were to: a) determine the acute effect of kinesio tape (KT) application on the ankle joint on balance performance, b) investigate the effects of an 8-week proprioceptive-neuromuscular (PN) training program on balance performance, and c) compare their effects vs modern dance technique classes alone. Thirty-three trained, university-level modern dance students (9 male, 24 female) were divided randomly into three groups: kinesio tape (KT, n=11), proprioceptive-neuromuscular (PN, n=11), or control (n=11). Static (turn-out passé-opened eyes/relevé and turn-out passé-closed eyes/flat foot), semi-dynamic (airplane), and dynamic balance (monopodalic-straight and -transverse in a turn-out passé-eyes opened/flat foot) tests were performed before and after the intervention. One day after pre-tests, KT mechanical correction technique was applied to the left ankle joint (supporting leg) in the KT group, and tests were repeated to determine the acute effect of KT. The PN group participated in an 8-week balance training program (2 days/wk, 60 min/day) involving exercises using stable and unstable surfaces. Significant improvements were observed for all static and dynamic balance tests in the PN group; semi-dynamic airplane and dynamic monopodalic-straight and transverse tests improved in the KT group; and only semi-dynamic airplane test scores changed significantly for the control group (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that with the exception of the semi-dynamic airplane test, both PN training and KT application were more effective at improving balance performance for modern dancers than modern dance technique classes alone.

Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensory deficit in humans with causative variants in over 140 genes. With few exceptions, however, the population-specific distribution for many of the identified variants/genes is unclear. Until recently, the extensive genetic and clinical heterogeneity of deafness precluded comprehensive genetic analysis. Here, using a custom capture panel (MiamiOtoGenes), we undertook a targeted sequencing of 180 genes in a multi-ethnic cohort of 342 GJB2 mutation-negative deaf probands from South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, India, Guatemala and the United States (South Florida). We detected causative DNA variants in 25% of multiplex and 7% of simplex families. The detection rate varied between 0% and 57% based on ethnicity, with Guatemala and Iran at the lower and higher end of the spectrum, respectively. We detected causative variants within 27 genes without predominant recurring pathogenic variants. The most commonly implicated genes include MYO15A, SLC26A4, USH2A, MYO7A, MYO6 and TRIOBP. Overall, our study highlights the importance of family history and generation of databases for multiple ethnically discrete populations to improve our ability to detect and accurately interpret genetic variants for pathogenicity.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin ölçme ve değerlendirme öz-yeterlik algıları ile ölçme ve değerlendirmeye yönelik tutum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmektir. Araştırma grubunu, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı Türkiye'nin farklı ortaokullarında görev yapan yaş ortalaması 34,44±7,08 arasında değişen 350 sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Çalışkan (2012) tarafından geliştirilen \"Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Öz-yeterlik Algısı Ölçeği\" ve Çalışkan ve Yazıcı (2013) tarafından geliştirilen \"Ölçme ve Değerlendirmeye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği\" kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan bu ölçekler online anket yöntemi aracılığı ile sosyal medya hesaplarından ve WhatsApp uygulaması yoluyla paylaşılarak Türkiye'nin farklı ortaokullarında çalışan sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerine ulaştırılmış ve bu yolla veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle araştırmanın amacı bağlamında SPSS 24 programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen analizler neticesinde aşağıdaki sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin ölçme ve değerlendirme öz-yeterlik algısı ölçeği alt boyutları ve genel toplam puanları ile ölçme ve değerlendirme tutumu genel toplam puanları arasında pozitif yönlü orta düzey anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ölçme ve değerlendirme öz-yeterlik algı boyutlarının sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin ölçme ve değerlendirme tutum düzeylerini yaklaşık %19 oranında yordadığı tespit edilmiştir.Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin ölçme ve değerlendirme öz-yeterlik algı düzeyleri tüm alt boyutlarda \"yöntem ve teknik belirleme\", \"verileri analiz etme ve yorumlama\", \"öğrenci hakkında dönüt verme\" ve \"sonuçlara göre süreci gözden geçirme\" ve genel ölçek bazında \"iyi\" düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öğretmenlerin ölçme ve değerlendirmeye yönelik tutum düzeyleri \"programdaki tutuma ilişkin tutumlar\" ve \"olumlu tutumlar\" boyutlarında \"iyi\" düzey, \"olumsuz tutumlar\" boyutunda ve genel ölçek bazında \"orta\" düzey olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Cinsiyetlerine göre ölçme ve değerlendirmeye ilişkin öz-yeterlik algıları alt boyutlarından \"Verileri analiz etme ve yorumlama\" alt boyutu puanları arasında fark olduğu, buna karşın diğer alt boyut puanları ve ölçme ve değerlendirme öz-yeterlik algısı genel toplam puanları arasında fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin cinsiyetlerine göre ölçme ve değerlendirme tutum düzeyleri alt boyutları ve genel toplam puanları arasında fark olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Kıdemlerine göre hem ölçme ve değerlendirme öz-yeterlik algısı, hem de ölçme ve değerlendirme tutumu alt boyutları ve genel toplam puanları arasında fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmenlerinin ölçme ve değerlendirmeye yönelik öz-yeterlik algıları ve tutumları arasındaki ilişki, öğretmenlerin kıdemlerine, branşlarına, görev yaptıkları yerleşim birimlerine ve hizmet içi eğitim alıp almama durumlarına göre de ele alınmıştır.

High altitude and hypoxic preconditioning have cardioprotective effects by increasing coronary vascularity, reducing post-ischemic injury, and improving cardiac function. Our purpose was to examine if intermittent hypoxia treatment has any restoring effects related to the possible role of the HIF-1/VEGF pathway on diabetic cardiomyopathy. Wistar Albino male rats (n=34) were divided into four groups: control (C), intermittent hypoxia (IH), diabetes mellitus (DM), and diabetes mellitus plus intermittent hypoxia (DM+IH). Following a streptozotocin (STZ) injection (50 mg/kg, i.p.), blood glucose levels of 250 mg/dL and above were considered as DM. IH and DM+IH groups were exposed to hypoxia 6 h/day for 42 days at a pressure corresponding to 3000 m altitude. Twenty-four hours after the IH protocol, hearts were excised. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained apical parts of the left ventricles were evaluated. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor 164 (VEGF164), and VEGF188 polymerase chain reaction products were run in agarose gel electrophoresis. Band density analysis of UV camera images was performed using Image J. The data were compared by one-way ANOVA, repeated measures two-way ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The percent weight change was lower in the DM group than in the controls (p=0.004). The tissue injury was the highest in the DM group and the least in the IH group. Diabetes decreased, whereas the IH treatment increased the vascularity. A decrease was observed in the VEGF188 mRNA levels in the DM+IH group compared with the C group, but there were no difference in HIF-1α and VEGF164 mRNA levels between the groups. The IH treatment restored the diabetic effects on the heart by reducing tissue injury and increasing the capillarity without transcriptional changes in HIF-1/VEGF correspondingly.

The aim of this study was to determine maximal voluntary peak torque (PT), PT% body weight (PT%BW), total work (TW), and hamstring/quadriceps ratio (HQR) for bilateral and unilateral thigh muscle strength during isokinetic muscle contractions in modern dancers in relation to their experience level. METHODS: Twenty-two female dancers were divided into two groups: intermediate dancers (ID, n=11) and advanced dancers (AD, n=11). Strength tests were performed using the Biodex System-III Pro Multijoint System isokinetic dynamometer to determine three joint angular velocities (60, 180, 300°/s). RESULTS: During extension, ADs exhibited higher ratios in the HQR (p=0.016) on right leg at 300°/s, IDs generated greater TW (p=0.042), and within groups, there was a significant left-to-right difference in the HQR at 300°/s for ADs (p=0.042). During flexion, within groups, the ADs exhibited significant differences between legs for both PT (p=0.026) and PT%BW (p=0.022) at 300°/s. CONCLUSION: For both groups, the average HQR in all angular velocities was not within the recommended range, which is required to prevent injuries; at the same time, unilateral muscular imbalances existed. Lower extremities of ADs exhibited asymmetric strength patterns at a certain level. Further research should be done to confirm the findings of this pilot study.

Since its discovery in early 1990s, hypoxia inducible factor 1 （HIF-1） has been increasingly recognized for its key role in transcriptional control of more than a hundred genes that regulate a wide-spectrum of cellular functional events, including angiogenesis, vasomotor control, glucose and energy metabolism, erythropoiesis, iron homeostasis, pH regulation, cell proliferation and viability. Evidence accumulated during the past 7 years suggests a critical role for HIF-1α in mediating cardioprotection. The purpose of our present article is to provide an updated overview on this important regulator of gene expression in the cellular stress-responsive and adaptive process. We have particularly emphasized the involvement of HIF-1 in the induction of cardioprotective molecules, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）, hemeoxygenase 1 （HO-1）, and erythropoietin （EPO）, which in turn alleviate myocardial damages caused by harmful events such as ischemia-reperfusion injury. Despite these advances, further in-depth studies are needed to elucidate the possible coordination or interaction between HIF-1α and other key transcription factors in regulating protein expression that leads to cardiopro- tection.