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\"The authors' approach to creating a transforming culture through use of foundations laid in the theoretical development of \"Nursing As Caring\" offers a solid foundation upon which to recalibrate and reconfigure toward a caring organizational health system.\" -Tim Porter-O'Grady , DM, EdD, APRN, FAAN, FACCWS Associate Professor, Leadership.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of a research and development programme on improving craft practice through the provision of mentoring by academic practitioners, studio space and advice on marketing techniques. Design/methodology/approach – Following an initial focus group investigation of issues which impinge on contemporary craft practice, recipients of a bursary associated with the research and development programme were assessed with respect to how their craft and marketing competencies have developed. Findings – Practitioners can now reflect on their skills, experiment with techniques and consider the effectiveness of their approach and attitude towards marketing. Research limitations/implications – The programme only extends to practitioners working with one art and design institution but has implications for those concerned with creative practice elsewhere. Practical implications – There is wider potential to reinvigorate artistic and marketing practice across the creative and cultural industries, and the small and medium enterprise community in general. Originality/value – This is a novel programme which challenges experienced practitioners to extend their creative abilities in craft and approaches to marketing.

Research is concerned with communication of design thinking, from the perspective of a designer, and in relation to the process, product, and user experience of design. It is a study of the act of persuasion within the processof a designer’s thinking, and is concerned with interpretation of the relation between words and images. The role of technology, intuition, and visual thinking are identified as three key components of design thought, and the way these three constituent parts inter-relate is the subject matter of inquiry. Research is conducted from a theoretical and practical perspective, and throughout the inquiry, a balance between subjective and objective informationis retained. An essentially holistic approach to understanding the designer’s decision-making process is adopted, and as such, the research does not separate the act of thinking from the act of doing. The inquiry concentrates on exposing the tacit dialogue of a designer througha series of five discourses. Each discourse begins with a preface, a contextual statement that frames the line of inquiry. The first discourse introduces the research methodology; discourse two reviews the literature surrounding communication of design thinking, and observes the design process through documentation and communication of 97 examples; discourse three interviews five professional designers and listens to how they visually communicate the physical and emotional experience of being a designer; discourse four questions a designer’s tacit understanding of visual thinking and exposes the surrounding assumptions, and the fifth discourse closes this inquiry by communicating the activity of rhetoric, describing rhetoric as the relation and inter-relation between the implicit and explicit processes of looking, listening and questioning. The visual methodology provides a context that allows the designer’s qualitiesof judgement and experience to become subjects in themselves. Each discourse attends to the unfolding nature of a network of relationships that developed amongst the roles of intuition, visual thinking and technology. In doing so, the inquiry proposes to contribute to knowledge by: communicating the significance of visual thinking as a methodology for doctoral design research; the role of computer technology as a tool for looking, listening and questioning the activityof rhetoric; intuition as a facilitator of rhetoric and rhetoric as an interrogator of intuition.

Though nurse executives may value the central nature of caring in nursing, this concept has been difficult to communicate to managerial decision makers familiar with analyzing problems aided by quantitative data. Because caring has been difficult to quantify it has been at a disadvantage in decision analyses and the subsequent allocation of resources. This study squarely addressed this issue through development of defensible measures of caring which were assessed for their relationship with health care resources and outcomes. A naturalistic mixed-methods approach was used to develop a definition of caring for a particular setting, quantitatively measure the degree to which it occurred in patient/nurse encounters, and explore the relationships between patient experiences of caring and health inputs and outcomes. These included measures of productivity, patient satisfaction, post-operative complications, and length of stay. Data from patients, nurses, nurse/theorists, and health care executives were subjected to multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis. From these data, two 61-item, Likert type instruments (which measured the degree to which caring occurred in specific nurse/patient encounters) were developed and administered to ninety-one hysterectomy patients, and the nurses who cared for them. These matched pair responses were then correlated with measures of the input and outcome variables. Four scale scores derived, in part, from factor analysis of the caring questionnaires emerged (Alpha Coefficients $>$.92 for each). Caring scales were more strongly related to outcomes than were productivity variables. For example, in step-wise multiple regression analyses, the scale Professional Vigilance contributed 54% of the variance in satisfaction with nurses; while none of the productivity variables (alone) contributed to variances in outcome variables. Though caring is a difficult concept to measure, it can be done. The ability to describe, measure, and communicate core elements of \"quality care,\" such as caring, is essential to the advancement of them in resource allocation and policy decisions. The distinct contribution of this study is its analysis of the relationship of caring with productivity and outcome variables.

The purpose of this study was to investigate possible relationships among selected psychological, sociological, and economic characteristics of doctoral students and compare these characteristics to the completion or noncompletion of EdD degrees in the College of Human Resources and Education at West Virginia University. In addition, academic departments within the college were compared on eight variables to see if differences within departments contributed to completion or noncompletion of the EdD. A questionnaire, specifically designed for this study, was mailed to 254 EdD recipients and 287 nongraduates. A response rate of 82.98% of the graduates and 63.40% of the nongraduates was received. A total of 31 null hypotheses were tested. After computer tabulation, chi-square and t test statistical procedures were utilized to test for significant differences at the .05 level. Results from the study indicate that EdD recipients were more likely than nongraduates to have: (a) grown up outside of West Virginia; (b) spent more time in full-time study; (c) lived closer to the university during course work; (d) decided on his/her major field of study before receiving the undergraduate degree; (e) had a stronger commitment to his/her career; (f) had a higher financial subsistence level; (g) had different sources of financial subsidy, primarily assistantships; (h) had more positive relationships with faculty, other students, doctoral committees, faculty advisors, and doctoral committee chairs; (i) perceived course work to be of high quality and value; (j) had a better orientation to academic expectations and support services from both departments and WVU sources; (k) had less difficulty with the dissertation; and (l) perceived the value of the doctorate to be a definite asset in material and nonmaterial rewards. Variables which were not significant in explaining completion or noncompletion of EdD degrees were: (a) sex; (b) race; (c) marital status; (d) number of dependent children; (e) age when beginning or terminating the doctorate; (f) number of family members pursuing postsecondary education; (g) educational level of parents; (h) distance from the university during the dissertation; (i) physical and emotional health; (j) number of hours employed; (k) motive for beginning doctoral study; (l) second and third sources of financial subsidy; and, (m) student's perception of doctoral study when first enrolled.

Background Wearing a mask was a crucial component in slowing the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the intersectionality between mask usage, risk perception, and infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether risk perceptions and masking behaviors are associated with contracting SARS-CoV-2 and how contracting SARS-CoV-2 subsequently changes masking behaviors in specific situations. Methods This cohort study utilized survey data from the UC San Diego ZAP COVID-19 study ( n  = 1,230) to evaluate the risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 in relation to baseline risk perceptions and masking behaviors in various situations and how contracting SARS-CoV-2 affects subsequent masking behavior. Results We found that more consistent self-reported mask use in indoor public spaces ( p  = 0.03) and in other people’s houses ( p  = 0.002) was associated with remaining free of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also found that contracting SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a subsequent increase in mask use in other people’s houses ( p  = 0.01). Conclusions Our findings suggest that consistent mask use is correlated with decreased infection and that contracting SARS-CoV-2 may modify mask use behaviors in high-risk situations. These findings may help inform future public health messaging for infectious disease prevention. Trial registration This study has not been previously registered as it is an observational study. There was no pre-registration of the analytic plan for the present study.

Because they hold information about cultural identity, foodways have been the focus of a variety of disciplines in archaeology. However, each approach documents different stages of culinary preparation and is constrained by the preservation specificities of each type of artefact and ecofact. Difficulties in achieving an interdisciplinary approach may explain the scarcity of such studies. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines archaeozoological, carpological and microbotanical analysis of ecofacts retrieved in the sediment, with use-alteration, organic residue and microbotanical analysis carried out on pottery vessels, recovered during the excavation of a XX th century archaeological dump site in Lower Casamance (Senegal). The results demonstrate the strength of this multiproxy approach in reconstructing past foodways by characterising the importance of aquatic, terrestrial animals and plant products in the Diola Kassa diet. In addition, this study questions the modalities of food transformation by assessing the preparation techniques of animal and vegetal products (cutting marks, heating processes etc.) and the function of pottery vessels (transport, storage, cooking etc.). Aquatic products and rice were a significant part of the diet of the users of the dump (from archaeozoology, carpology, phytoliths and organic residue analysis) and wet cooking (boiling?), salty and acidic foods seem to have been particularly prevalent (from use-alteration). The absence of specific animal and plant parts in the archaeological record, as well as some pottery function, is also questioned. Beyond gathering the results of each approach, this study focuses on the interweaving of different research methods to depict past foodscape.

IntroductionPhysical activity improves physical and psychosocial outcomes in healthy children and in children with a range of chronic health conditions. Unfortunately, children with chronic health conditions have lower levels of physical activity compared to their healthy peers due to multiple restrictions in physical activities and therefore tend to have lower levels of physical activity compared with their peers. This paper describes the protocol for Move to Improve, a pragmatic trial of an individualised physical activity intervention for children with chronic health conditions.Methods and analysisUsing the RE-AIM framework, this study aims to test the feasibility of Move to Improve, an 8-week hospital-based individualised physical activity intervention. We will recruit 100 children aged 5–17 years who are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, cancer, postburn injuries and cerebral palsy to a single-arm, pragmatic feasibility trial. The primary outcomes (objective moderate to vigorous physical activity, quality of life and goal attainment) and secondary outcomes (including aerobic capacity, body composition, motor function, grip strength and psychosocial outcomes) will be assessed at baseline, post intervention and at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups. We will conduct semistructured interviews with participants and their primary caregiver at a 2-month follow-up to capture aspects of feasibility. Quantitative data will be reported descriptively, and qualitative data will be analysed using thematic analysis. Data gathered from this study will inform service decision-making and future trials.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethics approval from the Government of Western Australia Child and Adolescent Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (RGS6677). Findings of this research will be communicated to the public through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, reports, infographics and information sheets. Modifications to the protocol will be outlined in the trial registry and journal publications. Authorship will be in accordance with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.Trial registration numberAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number: ACTRN12624000836538.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to prioritise a set of indicators to measure World Health Organization (WHO) quality-of-care standards for small and/or sick newborns (SSNB) in health facilities. The hypothesis is that monitoring prioritised indicators can support accountability mechanisms, assess and drive progress, and compare performance in quality-of-care (QoC) at subnational levels.DesignProspective, iterative, deductive, stepwise process to prioritise a list of QoC indicators organised around the WHO Standards for improving the QoC for small and sick newborns in health facilities. A technical working group (TWG) used an iterative four-step deductive process: (1) articulation of conceptual framework and method for indicator development; (2) comprehensive review of existing global SSNB-relevant indicators; (3) development of indicator selection criteria; and (4) selection of indicators through consultations with a wide range of stakeholders at country, regional and global levels.SettingThe indicators are prioritised for inpatient newborn care (typically called level 2 and 3 care) in high mortality/morbidity settings, where most preventable poor neonatal outcomes occur.ParticipantsThe TWG included 24 technical experts and leaders in SSNB QoC programming selected by WHO. Global perspectives were synthesised from an online survey of 172 respondents who represented different countries and levels of the health system, and a wide range of perspectives, including ministries of health, research institutions, technical and implementing partners, health workers and independent experts.ResultsThe 30 prioritised SSNB QoC indicators include 27 with metadata and 3 requiring further development; together, they cover all eight standard domains of the WHO quality framework. Among the established indicators, 10 were adopted from existing indicators and 17 adapted. The list contains a balance of indicators measuring inputs (n=6), processes (n=12) and outcome/impact (n=9).ConclusionsThe prioritised SSNB QoC indicators can be used at health facility, subnational and national levels, depending on the maturity of a country’s health information system. Their use in implementation, research and evaluation across diverse contexts has the potential to help drive action to improve quality of SSNB care. WHO and others could use this list for further prioritisation of a core set.