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The estimation of the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is a critical technology for enhancing battery lifespan and safety. When estimating SOH, it is essential to select representative features, commonly referred to as health indicators (HIs). Most existing studies primarily focus on HIs related to capacity degradation and internal resistance increase. However, due to the complexity of lithium-ion battery degradation mechanisms, the relationships between these mechanisms and health indicators remain insufficiently explored. This paper provides a comprehensive review of core methodologies for SOH estimation, with a particular emphasis on the classification and extraction of health indicators, direct measurement techniques, model-based and data-driven SOH estimation approaches, and emerging trends in battery management system applications. The findings indicate that capacity, internal resistance, and temperature-related indicators significantly impact SOH estimation accuracy, while machine learning models demonstrate advantages in multi-source data fusion. Future research should further explore composite health indicators and aging mechanisms of novel battery materials, and improve the interpretability of predictive models. This study offers theoretical support for the intelligent management and lifespan optimization of lithium-ion batteries.

ObjectivesTo investigate MRI features in discriminating chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (CIFRS) from sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas (SNSCC).MethodsMRI findings of 33 patients with CIFRS and 47 patients with SNSCC were retrospectively reviewed and compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant imaging features in distinguishing between CIFRS and SNSCC. The ROC curves and the AUC were used to evaluate diagnostic performance.ResultsThere were significant differences in cavernous sinus involvement (p < 0.001), sphenoid sinus involvement (p < 0.001), meningeal involvement (p = 0.024), T2 signal intensity (p = 0.006), and enhancement pattern (p < 0.001) between CIFRS and SNSCC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified cavernous sinus involvement (odds ratio [OR] = 0.06, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.02–0.20) and sphenoid sinus involvement (OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.05–0.45) as significant indicators for CIFRS and T2 isointensity to gray matter (OR = 4.44, 95% CI = 1.22–16.22) was a significant indicator for SNSCC. ROC curve analysis showed the AUC from a combination of three imaging features was 0.95 in differentiating CIFRS and SNSCC.ConclusionsMRI showed significant differences between CIFRS and SNSCC features. In immunocompromised patients, a sinonasal hypointense mass on T2WI with septal enhancement or loss of contrast enhancement, and involvement of cavernous sinus, sphenoid sinus, and meninges strongly suggest CIFRS.Key Points• Chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (CIFRS) is often difficult to distinguish from sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas (SNSCC) in clinical practice.• Cavernous sinus and sphenoid sinus involvement appear to be significant indicators for CIFRS. T2 isointensity to gray matter appears to be a significant indicator for SNSCC.• Loss of contrast enhancement and septal enhancement can be used to distinguish CIFRS from SNSCC with a high degree of specificity.

Occupational exposure to locusts induces a high prevalence of allergic sensitization. However, knowledge on occupational locust allergens remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the allergens from locusts causing occupational allergies. We conducted a survey of 57 persons exposed to locusts using questionnaires and immunological tests for occupational allergies in long-term locust laboratories. The major allergen was identified by immunoblotting and analysed by mass spectrometry. The allergenicity of the allergen was assessed by sIgE detection, immunoblotting and ELISA inhibition assays. The survey indicated that the frequency of locust occupational allergies was 40.4% among subjects exposed to locust. The symptoms in most males were allergic rhinitis, while females showed higher prevalence of atopic dermatitis. Occupational exposure increased the allergy risk. The recombinant hexamerin-2 protein possesses high allergenicity in the allergic exposure group. Hexamerin-2 protein can inhibit IgE reactivity with locust protein extracts by approximately 60%. The potential for cross-reactivity with cockroaches was indicated by sequence alignment of hexamerin-2 protein and allergens of cockroaches. The hexamerin-2 protein of locusts as an important allergen was identified. Therefore, occupational exposure is an important risk factor for locust allergy.

Optimization of skin prick test (SPT) panels, especially in view of significant differences in sensitizations patterns within different geographical areas, is an unmet need within China. Our aim was to assess the patterns and clinical relevance of aeroallergen sensitizations in allergic rhinitis (AR) and define the minimal battery of SPT allergens, classified according to the Köppen-Geiger climate map. Overall, 7148 subjects with self-reported AR completed a standard questionnaire and were assessed for sensitization to relevant allergens by SPT. 6340 (88.7%) patients had at least one positive skin prick reaction, and demonstrated unique sensitization patterns by stratification with age, gender, and geographic region. Sensitization to house dust mites (HDM) was highest in south China, whereas the three most prevalent aeroallergens were mugwort, ragweed and dandelion pollen in north-west China. Higher sensitization rates and multiple sensitizations were associated with AR comorbidities. Eight allergens ( Der f , mugwort, Blatella , hazel, goosefoot, Penicillium notatum , animal dander and Der p ) allowed identification >96% of sensitized subjects in central China. Differences in optimal panels were observed between regions, with five to six allergens being sufficient for north-east, north-west and south China. These SPT panels may provide a cost-effective tool for screening sensitized patients in China.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) directly contribute to local inflammation in type 2 inflammatory airway diseases. Here, we identify ILC2 subsets by single cell RNA sequencing in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and in a memory inflammatory mouse model. We find that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) + ILC2s, with similar markers to their human counterparts, expresse memory cell markers, persist over time, and respond more vigorously to a secondary unrelated antigen challenge in the mouse model. Genetic ablation of TLR4 or blockade by anti-TLR4 antibodies leads to the reduction of IL-13 expression from ILC2s and mucus production in mice. The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing further confirms the importance of accessible TLR4 gene loci and its down-stream signaling pathway in maintaining trained immunity of TLR4 + ILC2s after repeated stimulation by HDM. Taken together, TLR4 has a function in trained immunity maintenance within ILC2s, which may contribute to disease chronicity through a non-specific immunological memory. Group 2 Innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) have been shown to promote type 2 immune responses. Here the authors show a TLR4 + ILC2 population in type 2 airway diseases and that this population responds more vigorously to type 2 stimuli and contributes to persistence of type 2 immunity.

Background Chronic rhinitis is generally classified as either allergic rhinitis (AR) or non‐allergic rhinitis (NAR). There is currently no report on the economic burden of AR and NAR in Beijing, China. Methodology A total of 1013 valid questionnaires from 448 AR patients and 565 NAR patients living in Beijing were continuously collected for investigation of the direct (e.g., drugs, medical visits) and indirect costs (absenteeism and presenteeism) from August 2020 to April 2021. Results and Conclusion The total cost of AR and NAR was € 195.6 patient/year and € 185.3 patient/year respectively. The total societal cost for adult AR and NAR patients in Beijing is around € 440.9 and € 671.9 million per year in terms of the standardized prevalence of the diseases. The patient's level of education, disease duration, predilection time of disease, severity of symptoms and comorbidity with other allergic disease were factors that affected the economic burden on patients with rhinitis.

AbstarctOdontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) is a subtype of maxillary sinusitis (MS). It is actually inflammation of the maxillary sinus that secondary to adjacent infectious maxillary dental lesion. Due to the lack of unique clinical features, OMS is difficult to distinguish from other types of rhinosinusitis. Besides, the characteristic infectious pathogeny of OMS makes it is resistant to conventional therapies of rhinosinusitis. Its current diagnosis and treatment are thus facing great difficulties. The multi-disciplinary cooperation between otolaryngologists and dentists is absolutely urgent to settle these questions and to acquire standardized diagnostic and treatment regimen for OMS. However, this disease has actually received little attention and has been underrepresented by relatively low publication volume and quality. Based on systematically reviewed literature and practical experiences of expert members, our consensus focuses on characteristics, symptoms, classification and diagnosis of OMS, and further put forward multi-disciplinary treatment decisions for OMS, as well as the common treatment complications and relative managements. This consensus aims to increase attention to OMS, and optimize the clinical diagnosis and decision-making of OMS, which finally provides evidence-based options for OMS clinical management.

Due to the unique plateau climate, such as low atmospheric pressure, hypoxia, cold, and dryness, people in plain areas will have a series of physiological and pathological changes after entering the plateau. This observational study was designed to assess the effects of long-term very high-altitude (HA) exposure on the cardiopulmonary function of healthy adults in plain areas through cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). We tracked and observed 45 healthy adult men or women from the plain area (Beijing, with an altitude of approximately 40 m). They worked and lived in very HA areas (Lhasa, with an altitude of approximately 3,700 m) for 5 months before returning to plain areas. Participants completed health checkups, including basic physiological indexes, static pulmonary function tests, and CPET at baseline and after very HA exposure. The resulting data showed that after long-term very HA exposure, multiple CPET indicators significantly decreased ( p  < 0.05), including peak oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, peak work rate, oxygen uptake/work rate, peak oxygen uptake/heart rate, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, peak minute ventilation, peak end-expiratory carbon dioxide partial pressure, and peak cardiac output. The minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope was significantly higher than that before very HA exposure ( p  = 0.004). There were no significant changes in static pulmonary function ( p  > 0.05). In conclusion, long-term very HA exposure can lead to varying degrees of negative effects on cardiopulmonary function (including respiratory, circulatory, and metabolic function decline) in healthy adults in plain areas. The abnormality of related functional indicators may indicate that the body’s adaptive compensatory mechanism to the high altitude hypobaric hypoxia environment is decompensated. It is suggested that it is necessary to implement individualized cardiopulmonary rehabilitation training as soon as possible after long-term very HA exposure to mitigate functional decline in individuals.

Background Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. Motor dysfunction is a common sequela, which seriously affects the lives of patients. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a new transcranial magnetic therapy for improving motor dysfunction after stroke. However, there remains a lack of studies on the mechanism, theoretical model, and effectiveness of TBS in improving motor dysfunction following stroke. Objective This paper provides a comprehensive overview and assessment of the current impact of TBS on motor rehabilitation following stroke and analyzes potential factors contributing to treatment effect disparities. The aim is to offer recommendations for further refining the TBS treatment approach in subsequent clinical studies while also furnishing evidence for devising tailored rehabilitation plans for stroke patients. Methods This study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically from the establishment of the database to February 2024. Relevant studies using TBS to treat patients with motor dysfunction after stroke will be included. Data on study characteristics, interventions, outcome measures, and primary outcomes were extracted. The Modified Downs and Black Checklist was used to assess the potential bias of the included studies, and a narrative synthesis of the key findings was finally conducted. Results The specific mechanism of TBS in improving motor dysfunction after stroke has not been fully elucidated, but it is generally believed that TBS can improve the functional prognosis of patients by regulating motor cortical excitability, inducing neural network reorganization, and regulating cerebral circulation metabolism. Currently, most relevant clinical studies are based on the interhemispheric inhibition model (IHI), the vicariation model, and the bimodal balance-recovery model. Many studies have verified the effectiveness of TBS in improving the motor function of stroke patients, but the therapeutic effect of some studies is controversial. Conclusion Our results show that TBS has a good effect on improving motor function in stroke patients, but more large-scale, high-quality, multicenter studies are still necessary in the future to further clarify the mechanism of TBS and explore the optimal TBS treatment.