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Breast cancer has been a worldwide burden of women’s health. Although concerns have been raised for early diagnosis and timely treatment, the efforts are still needed for precision medicine and individualized treatment. Radiomics is a new technology with immense potential to obtain mineable data to provide rich information about the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. In our study, we introduced the workflow and application of radiomics as well as its outlook and challenges based on published studies. Radiomics has the potential ability to differentiate between malignant and benign breast lesions, predict axillary lymph node status, molecular subtypes of breast cancer, tumor response to chemotherapy, and survival outcomes. Our study aimed to help clinicians and radiologists to know the basic information of radiomics and encourage cooperation with scientists to mine data for better application in clinical practice.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is a clinical investigational new drug for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. It has a unique quinochalcone di- C -glycoside structure and is exclusively found in the flowers of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ). To date, little is known about the biosynthesis of HSYA. In this work, we characterize four key biosynthetic enzymes from C. tinctorius : CtF6H (6-hydroxylation of naringenin to produce carthamidin), CtCHI1 (isomerization between carthamidin and isocarthamidin), CtCGT (flavonoid di- C -glycosyltransferase), and Ct2OGD1 (2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase). Notably, Ct2OGD1 coordinates with CtCGT to convert carthamidin or isocarthamidin to HSYA. Functions of these genes are confirmed by VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) in C. tinctorius , de novo biosynthesis of HSYA in Nicotiana benthamiana , semi-synthesis in yeast, and in vitro enzyme assays. We further find that the simultaneous presence and high expression of the above four key genes, together with the absence of F2H (flavanone 2-hydroxylase) genes, are essential for the biosynthesis of HSYA, and thus interpret mechanisms for the unique presence of HSYA in safflower. This work elucidates the biosynthetic pathway of HSYA and provides a foundation for the green and efficient production of this valuable medicinal natural product. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, a quinochalcone di- C -glycoside, is clinically used for acute ischemic stroke. Here, authors elucidate its biosynthetic pathway, revealing that CtCGT and Ct2OGD1 coordinately catalyze di- C -glycosylation and dearomatization in the final step.

Apiose is a natural pentose containing an unusual branched-chain structure. Apiosides are bioactive natural products widely present in the plant kingdom. However, little is known on the key apiosylation reaction in the biosynthetic pathways of apiosides. In this work, we discover an apiosyltransferase GuApiGT from Glycyrrhiza uralensis . GuApiGT could efficiently catalyze 2″- O -apiosylation of flavonoid glycosides, and exhibits strict selectivity towards UDP-apiose. We further solve the crystal structure of GuApiGT, determine a key sugar-binding motif (RLGSDH) through structural analysis and theoretical calculations, and obtain mutants with altered sugar selectivity through protein engineering. Moreover, we discover 121 candidate apiosyltransferase genes from Leguminosae plants, and identify the functions of 4 enzymes. Finally, we introduce GuApiGT and its upstream genes into Nicotiana benthamiana , and complete de novo biosynthesis of a series of flavonoid apiosides. This work reports an efficient phenolic apiosyltransferase, and reveals mechanisms for its sugar donor selectivity. Apiosides are plant bioactive natural products containing apiose, but the details of the key apiosylation reaction in their biosynthesis are missing. Here, the authors identify the apiosyltransferase GuApiGT that could efficiently catalyze 2″- O -apiosylation of flavonoid glycosides, solve its crystal structure and obtain mutants with altered sugar selectivity.

Background. Obesity is a risk factor for severe airway obstruction and hypoxemia. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is considered as a novel method for oxygen therapy, but the efficacy of HFNC for obese patients is controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of HFNC compared with conventional oxygen therapy (COT) in obese patients during the perioperative period. Methods. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google scholar databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of HFNC with COT in obese patients during the perioperative period. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypoxemia, while the secondary outcomes included the lowest SpO2, the need for additional respiratory support, and the hospital length of stay (LOS). Results. Twelve trials with 798 obese patients during the perioperative period were included. Compared with COT, HFNC reduced the incidence of hypoxemia (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.83; P=0.002; I2 = 24%; 8 RCTs; n = 458), increased the lowest SpO2 (MD, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.53 to 4.22; P<0.0001; I2 = 32%; 5 RCTs; n = 264), decreased the need for additional respiratory support (RR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.88; P=0.02; I2 = 0%; 3 RCTs; n = 305), and shortened the hospital LOS (MD, −0.31; 95% CI, −0.57 to −0.04; P=0.02; I2 = 0%; 3 RCTs; n = 214). Conclusions. This meta-analysis showed that compared with COT, the use of HFNC was able to reduce the incidence of hypoxemia, increase the lowest SpO2, decrease the need for additional respiratory support, and shorten the hospital LOS in obese patients during the perioperative period. Well-organized trials with large sample size should be conducted to support our findings.

Pericentric heterochromatin is a critical component of chromosomes marked by histone H3 K9 (H3K9) methylation 1 – 3 . However, what recruits H3K9-specific histone methyltransferases to pericentric regions in vertebrates remains unclear 4 , as does why pericentric regions in different species share the same H3K9 methylation mark despite lacking highly conserved DNA sequences 2 , 5 . Here we show that zinc-finger proteins ZNF512 and ZNF512B specifically localize at pericentric regions through direct DNA binding. Notably, both ZNF512 and ZNF512B are sufficient to initiate de novo heterochromatin formation at ectopically targeted repetitive regions and pericentric regions, as they directly recruit SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 (SUV39H) to catalyse H3K9 methylation. SUV39H2 makes a greater contribution to H3K9 trimethylation, whereas SUV39H1 seems to contribute more to silencing, probably owing to its preferential association with HP1 proteins. ZNF512 and ZNF512B from different species can specifically target pericentric regions of other vertebrates, because the atypical long linker residues between the zinc-fingers of ZNF512 and ZNF512B offer flexibility in recognition of non-consecutively organized three-nucleotide triplets targeted by each zinc-finger. This study addresses two long-standing questions: how constitutive heterochromatin is initiated and how seemingly variable pericentric sequences are targeted by the same set of conserved machinery in vertebrates. Zinc-finger proteins ZNF512 and ZNF512B are shown to target pericentric DNA through a conserved mechanism that depends on their atypical long linkers, providing insight into how constitutive heterochromatin formation is initiated across various species.

Background Today,. most people use the Internet to seek online health-related information from general public health-related websites and discussion groups. However, there are no Internet-based analyses of health information needs pertaining to diabetes in China until now. With the development of artificial intelligence,we can analyzed these online health-related information and provide references for health providers to improve their health service. Methods We have done a study of statistically analyzing the questions about diabetes collected from 39 health website, the number of which is 151,589. We have divided these questions into 9 categories using a convolutional neural network. Results The diabetes problems of consumer are presented as follows, diagnosis: 34.95%, treatment: 25.17%, lifestyle: 21.09%, complication: 8.00%, maternity-related:5.00%, prognosis: 2.59%, health provider choosing: 1.40%, prevention: 1.23%, others: 0.58%, The elderly are more concerned about the treatment and complications of diabetes, while the young are more concerned about the maternity-related and prognosis of diabetes. The diabetes drugs most frequently mentioned by consumers are insulin, metformin and Xiaoke pills, The most concerned complication is caidiovascular disease and diabetic eye disease. Conclusion Diabetes health education should focus on how to prevent diabetes and the contents of health education should be different for differernt age groups;on diabetes treatment, the use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs education should be strengthened.

Summary Sugar building blocks are crucial for the chemical diversity and biological activity of secondary metabolites. UDP‐dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of glycosides in plants by catalysing the attachment of sugar moieties to various bioactive natural products. However, the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide‐chain glycosides is often limited by the narrow substrate specificity of UGTs. In this study, we identify a regio‐specific β‐(1,6) glycosyltransferase, UGT94BY1, from Platycodon grandiflorum. UGT94BY1 exhibits broad substrate promiscuity and can transfer up to three sugar moieties to the C6‐OH position of the glucosyl group in various triterpenoids and phenolic glycosides, thereby forming β‐(1,6) oligoglucoside chains. To elucidate the mechanism underlying its substrate selectivity, we determined the crystal structure of the UGT94BY1 complex with UDP at a resolution of 2.0 Å. Molecular simulations revealed that a critical structural motif, comprising residues N84‐M91, S141‐L155 and R179‐E186, plays a key role in recognizing sugar acceptors and facilitating chain elongation. Our study unveils a powerful glycosyltransferase for β‐(1,6) oligoglucoside chain biosynthesis and highlights key regions involved in substrate recognition and sugar chain extension, providing valuable insights for designing UGTs with customized substrate specificities for biotechnological applications. We highlight a novel multi‐step O‐glycosyltransferase, UGT94BY1, which exhibits high promiscuity toward triterpene saponins and flavonoid glycosides for the formation of β‐(1,6) oligoglucoside chains. Through crystal structure analysis and theoretical calculations, we uncovered the mechanisms underlying substrate promiscuity and sugar chain extension.

Under investigation in this paper is a discrete reduced integrable nonlinear Schrödinger system on a triangular-lattice ribbon, which may have some prospective applications in modern nanoribbon. First, we construct the infinitely many conservation laws and discrete N -fold Darboux transformation for this system based on its known Lax pair. Then bright–bright multi-soliton and breather solutions in terms of determinants are obtained by means of the resulting Darboux transformation. Moreover, we investigate soliton interactions through asymptotic analysis and analyze some important physical quantities such as amplitudes, wave numbers, wave widths, velocities, energies and initial phases. Finally, the dynamical evolution behaviors are discussed via numerical simulations. It is found that soliton interactions in this system are elastic, and their evolutions are stable against a small noise in a short period of time. Results obtained in this paper may have some prospective applications for understanding some physical phenomena.

The transition from ordered to noisy is a significant epigenetic signature of aging and age‐related disease. As a paradigm of healthy human aging and longevity, long‐lived individuals (LLI, >90 years old) may possess characteristic strategies in coping with the disordered epigenetic regulation. In this study, we constructed high‐resolution blood epigenetic noise landscapes for this cohort by a methylation entropy (ME) method using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Although a universal increase in global ME occurred with chronological age in general control samples, this trend was suppressed in LLIs. Importantly, we identified 38,923 genomic regions with LLI‐specific lower ME (LLI‐specific lower entropy regions, for short, LLI‐specific LERs). These regions were overrepresented in promoters, which likely function in transcriptional noise suppression. Genes associated with LLI‐specific LERs have a considerable impact on SNP‐based heritability of some aging‐related disorders (e.g., asthma and stroke). Furthermore, neutrophil was identified as the primary cell type sustaining LLI‐specific LERs. Our results highlight the stability of epigenetic order in promoters of genes involved with aging and age‐related disorders within LLI epigenomes. This unique epigenetic feature reveals a previously unknown role of epigenetic order maintenance in specific genomic regions of LLIs, which helps open a new avenue on the epigenetic regulation mechanism in human healthy aging and longevity. Wang et al. constructed high‐resolution methylation entropy (ME) maps in long‐lived individuals (LLIs) using WGBS data. It provides the evidence supporting that a large number of genomic regions, significantly enriched in promoters, displaying significantly lower ME in LLIs (LLI‐specific LERs) than normal aging people. Further analysis revealed a close relationship between these lower entropy regions and age‐related disorders and longevity.

Furochromones are specific bioactive secondary metabolites of many Apiaceae plants. Their biosynthesis remains largely unexplored. In this work, we dissect the complete biosynthetic pathway of major furochromones in the medicinal plant Saposhnikovia divaricata by characterizing prenyltransferase, peucenin cyclase, methyltransferase, hydroxylase, and glycosyltransferases. De novo biosynthesis of prim- O -glucosylcimifugin and 5- O -methylvisamminoside is realized in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Through comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses, we further find that proximal duplication and high expression of a pentaketide chromone synthase gene SdPCS , together with the presence of a lineage-specific peucenin cyclase gene SdPC , lead to the predominant accumulation of furochromones in the roots of S. divaricata among surveyed Apiaceae plants. This study paves the way for metabolic engineering production of furochromones, and sheds light into evolutionary mechanisms of furochromone biosynthesis among Apiaceae plants. The complete biosynthetic pathway of Prim- O -Glucosylcimifugin and 5- O -Methylvisamminoside in Saposhnikovia divaricata is resolved and their de novo biosynthesis is reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The evolutionary mechanisms of furochromone biosynthesis among Apiaceae plants is further analyzed.