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High body mass index (BMI) is associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, studies on the CKD burden due to high BMI are limited. This research uses data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of CKD due to high BMI from 1990 to 2021, including mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, with stratified analyses by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) assessed the trends over 32 years, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model predicted the disease burden for the next 15 years. In 2021, the ASMR and ASDR for CKD attributable to high BMI globally were estimated at 5.06 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 2.70-7.51] and 122.08 (95% UI: 66.25-180.18) per 100,000 population, respectively. Significant variations in these metrics were observed across sex, age groups, and regions. Between 1990 and 2021, both ASMR and ASDR exhibited an upward trajectory, with projections indicating a continued rise through to 2040. Our findings indicate that the CKD burden due to high BMI is increasing, with notable disparities across sex, age, and geographic regions. Targeted public health interventions, particularly those focusing on males and older adults, are essential to address this growing health challenge.

This study proposes an absolute and relative performance evaluation (ARPE) framework integrating both objective (group size) and subjective (competition concern) incentives. In homogeneous settings, moderate competition increases effort and payoff, whereas excessive competition distorts incentives. Under multidimensional agent heterogeneity (i.e., efficiency, cost, risk aversion, and competition sensitivity), we find that optimal contracts offer greater incentives to more efficient and affordable agents. However, peer pressure may hinder the effort of such agents, and risk aversion may bolster competitive responses. Our results underscore the main interaction effects between agent characteristics and competitive structures, thus offering guidance for robust contract design in performance-driven environments.

All-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are prospective candidates for a range of energy accumulation systems, delivering higher energy densities compared to batteries which use liquid electrolytes. Amongst the numerous solid-state electrolytes (SEs), sulfide-based electrolytes in particular have received more attention given that they have a high ionic conductivity. However, the incompatibility between the electrode and SEs is still an ongoing challenge that leads to poor electrochemical performance. In this work, we focus on 1T-MoS2. It is well known that 1T metallic MoS2 is unstable even at room temperature. However, we showed that 1T-MoS2 can be stabilized at 600 °C for at least 2 h, and the 1T-MoS2-600 interlayer spacing expanded to 0.95 nm. The high crystallinity of the 1T phase is highly compatible with solid electrolytes and coupled with the increased interlayer spacing, so in the all-solid-state lithium-ion battery (ALLLIB), we achieved outstanding cycling performance. At the current density of 0.2 C (1 C = 670 mA g−1), this material delivered a capacity of 406 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles.

Stent graft-induced new entry tear (SINE) is a serious complication in aortic dissection patients caused by the stent-graft itself after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The stability of SINE is a key indicator for the need and timing of reinterventions. This study aimed to understand the role of hemodynamics in SINE stability by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis based on patient-specific anatomical information. Four patients treated with TEVAR who developed a distal SINE (dSINE) were included; two patients had a stable dSINE and two patients experienced expansion of the dSINE upon follow-up examinations. CFD simulations were performed on geometries reconstructed from computed tomography scans acquired upon early detection of dSINE in these patients. Computational results showed that stable dSINEs presented larger regions with low time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and high relative residence time (RRT), and partial thrombosis was observed at subsequent follow-ups. Furthermore, significant systolic antegrade flow was observed in the unstable dSINE which also had a larger retrograde flow fraction (RFF) on the SINE plane. In conclusion, this pilot study suggested that high RRT and low TAWSS may indicate stable dSINE by promoting thrombosis, whereas larger RFF and antegrade flows inside dSINE might be associated with its expansion.

The eGaN HEMT power devices face serious crosstalk problems when applied to high-frequency bridge circuits, thereby limiting the switching performance of these devices. To address this issue, a gate driver is proposed in this paper that can suppress both positive and negative crosstalk of eGaN HEMT power devices, offering the advantages of simple control and easy integration. The basic idea is to suppress positive crosstalk by constructing a negative voltage capacitor, and to suppress negative crosstalk by reducing the impedance of the gate loop. To verify the capability of the proposed gate driver, double-pulse and synchronous Buck test platforms are constructed. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed gate driver reduces the positive and negative crosstalk spikes by 2.03 V and 1.54 V, respectively, ensuring that the positive and negative crosstalk spikes fall within a safe operating range. Additionally, the turn-off speed of the device is enhanced, leading to a reduction in switching loss.

The dynamic design of graphic language can be seen everywhere in life as the digital media era progresses. Graphic designs, such as product packaging, poster design, book binding design, and logo design, are examples of traditional visual design. The print media is the most important factor. Graphic design that is aided by digital media technology is not limited to print but also includes network media. The teaching research of China’s visual design specialty is still in its early stages, the relevant teaching system reform of various colleges and universities is still being explored, and there is no unified standard in the digital information age. As a result, it is critical to conduct in-depth research using scientific and systematic methods in order to pave the way for the development of a domestic visual design specialty in the information age. Simultaneously, the popularization and development of new media have had a significant impact on traditional printing media, breaking the monotony of traditional visual communication and making modern visual design more vivid and intuitive. Visual perception in psychology is introduced into design thinking in this paper. Apart from its expression in art culture, the concept of space also encompasses the physics concepts of time and space, as well as the scientific research theory of visual perception in psychology, which transcends the perceptual cognition level of space in art design.

Normally entrepreneur would raise fund from angel investors during the initial round. If the venture program was by then successful, the entrepreneur would then continue the fund-raising process from venture capitalist. By adopting the convertible preferred stock, we managed to construct the two-stage angel investment decision process. This research reveals the following: (1) The probability of the first stage’s success has negative relationships with levels of priority dividend in both first and second stages, as well as with the venture capitalist’s proportion of shares. (2) The probability of the second stage’s success has negative relationships with the venture capitalist’s proportion of shares and the dividend level of both first and second stage funding. (3) There has been a threshold of dividend distribution, which belongs to angel investor. While the level of angel investor’s shares is higher than the threshold, AN would decide to join the second phase of the program; otherwise, AN would exit the project at the end of the first stage.

In a virtual 3D city scene, a 3D building model is a must-have element. A 3D reconstruction and rendering algorithm is described in this paper. Model geometry and texture data are simplified separately using LOD model technology. Half-folded mesh algorithm is used to simplify geometric data, while wavelet algorithm is used to compress texture data. Both methods reduce the amount of data that must be stored as well as the amount of data that must be transmitted over the network. To improve the response time of the original algorithm, a Kalman filter correction algorithm is used to optimize the 3D reconstruction beam adjustment algorithm. In this paper, the experimental scheme is used to assess the method. Experiments show that the algorithm reduces the number of primitives drawn by the system while preserving the important geometric features of the scene’s building model. It can also effectively reduce the workload of drawing 3D scenes, improve computer productivity, and reduce computer hardware requirements. This technique is well suited to rendering large-scale 3D urban scenes.

When venture capital has been invested into venture companies, venture capitalists and venture entrepreneurs form a principal-agent relationship. Take into account the fact that the venture entrepreneur’s effort is a long process, because the effort is not the same at different stage. Therefore, efforts variables are seen as the multistage dynamic variable, and venture investment principal-agent model with venture entrepreneurs having multistage efforts is constructed on the basis of the classic principal-agent theory in the paper. Further, in the later stage effort of venture entrepreneurs is affected by the size of prestage benefit with venture capitalists and venture entrepreneurs; thus the fairness preference model is improved, and venture investment principal-agent model with venture entrepreneurs having multistage efforts is constructed on the basis of fairness preference theory. Both theoretical derivation and simulation have demonstrated that, under the condition of information asymmetry, if the fairness preference of venture entrepreneurs holds, then (1) venture capitalists provide venture entrepreneurs with level higher than that without fairness preference, (2) in every single stage venture entrepreneurs make efforts higher than those without fairness preference, and (3) in two periods both venture investors and venture entrepreneurs gain total real gains higher than those in two periods without fair preference.

Objectives Assess the clinical effectiveness of robotic versus standard laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in treating solitary renal tumors. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from those who underwent laparoscopic (LPN, n  = 28) or robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN, n  = 16) at our institution between September 2012 and September 2024. Comparisons included demographics, R.E.N.A.L. scores (validated for tumor complexity), perioperative metrics (warm ischemia time, blood loss, complications), and follow-up (renal function, recurrence). Results RAPN had significantly shorter operative time and drainage duration, with fewer complications (2 vs. 8 in LPN); 1 LPN case converted to open. All margins were negative, with clear cell carcinoma (70.45%) most common. All patients had a follow-up period of more than 6 years. Five-year overall survival: 93.75% (RAPN) vs. 89.3% (LPN). Renal function changes (sCr, GFR) did not differ significantly, with no dialysis needed.Both approaches are safe; RAPN offers better operative efficiency and recovery. Conclusions RAPN and LPN are both reliable minimally invasive techniques for managing solitary kidney tumors. Although RAPN tended to achieve shorter operative, ischemia, and drainage times, these differences were not statistically significant. In cases of complex renal lesions with higher R.E.N.A.L. scores, RAPN may offer technical advantages. Larger, multicenter prospective studies with extended follow-up are needed to substantiate these observations.