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In this article, we report the results from a randomized evaluation of the Safe and Civil Schools (SCS) model for school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports. Thirty-two elementary schools in a large urban school district were randomly assigned to an initial training cohort or a wait-list control group. Results suggested that SCS training positively affected school policies and student behavior. Surveys administered after the commencement of SCS training found large improvements in staff perceptions of school behavior policies and student behavior at schools receiving SCS training that were not observed at wait-list schools. Similarly, we observed reductions in student suspensions at schools implementing SCS that were not observed at control schools. The observed improvements persisted through the second year of trainings, and once the wait-list control schools commenced SCS training, they experienced similar improvements in school policies and student behavior.

The division of America into red states and blue states misleadingly suggests that states are split into two camps, but along most dimensions, like political orientation, states are on a continuum. By historical standards, the number of swing states is not particularly low, and America's cultural divisions are not increasing. But despite the flaws of the red state/blue state framework, it does contain two profound truths. First, the heterogeneity of beliefs and attitudes across the United States is enormous and has always been so. Second, political divisions are becoming increasingly religious and cultural. The rise of religious politics is not without precedent, but rather returns us to the pre–New Deal norm. Religious political divisions are so common because religious groups provide politicians the opportunity to send targeted messages that excite their base.

Objectives. To examine longitudinal responses to the disability indicator questions that have been adopted as the standard across national surveys sponsored by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Methods. Data from the Current Population Survey between 2008 and 2015 were linked to create a longitudinal sample of 721 178 individual respondents. Results. Responses to the disability questions fluctuated significantly. Although 17% of all respondents reported a disability at some point, only 3% consistently reported the same set of disabilities. Demographic differences were found between people who always reported a consistent set of disabilities and those whose responses fluctuated. Conclusions. The disability questions capture 2 discrete groups: people who experience a permanent disability and those who experience a temporary disability. Demographic differences between these groups suggest that this is not simply due to measurement error.

Montana's effective workforce depends on its population, their skills and overall participation. [...]growing the state's labor pool requires population growth, skill growth and/ or increased participation. [...]while it may be possible to address Montana's workforce challenges through some combination of talent attraction and training, there is a lot of work to do to create systems that will effectively increase the state's workforce. Only workers themselves can reveal what they did not know about potential job opportunities; that they didn't pursue an opportunity because they did not feel they had the right skills; or that they did not find the potential opportunity appealing. [...]a deeper understanding of a worker's perspective of Montana jobs is an essential step in developing policies that might help the state's employers draw from a larger, better pool of potential employees.

In a recent research project funded by the Kauffman Foundation, Paul Gladen (UM's Blackstone Launchpad), Kathy Kuipers (UM's Department of Sociology) and I sought to better understand women's progression through the pre-entrepreneurial process using survey data from UM students. Seventy-seven percent of men report having had an idea, but only 64 percent of women did the same. [...]men are 20 percent more likely to report a past idea. [...]disparities in entrepreneurial engagement may stem from differences in perceptions of entrepreneurship.

Since the early 1990s, housing prices in Montana, adjusted for inflation, have doubled, growing at the third fastest rate in the country trailing only Colorado and Oregon. Montanas cost of living is lower than many other places and given a sufficient job, people can be better offhere. [...]Montana needs to do two things: it must attract or grow firms that can provide jobs and it must also develop the resources that allow these firms to attract potential residents. [...]Montana may become even less affordable.

[...]student demographics matter as people with different characteristics earn different amounts. [...]women earn less than men and a college with a higher proportion of female students, or some other lower earning group, will have lower earnings in the College Scorecard data. [...]data on a students' average earnings post-graduation does not provide a reliable measure of college quality.