Explore the vast range of titles available.

Objective We aimed to investigate the frequency of neuronal surface and intracellular antibodies in individuals with long‐term epilepsy and the associated clinical and laboratory characteristics. Methods We tested sera from 223 patients with epilepsy without signs of autoimmune encephalitis and 12 patients with epilepsy and a subacute onset of additional neurological symptoms. All had epilepsy lasting at least one year. We compared clinical and laboratory characteristics between those with and without antibodies. Additionally, we assessed the ACES and APE scores, and ONES checklist for identifying patients with antibodies. Results Only one of 223 patients with epilepsy and no autoimmune encephalitis signs (0.4%) had antibodies, presenting with drug‐resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE‐HS) and GAD antibodies. She had no improvement after surgical treatment (Engel IV). Of the 12 patients with subacute onset of additional neurological symptoms, four (33.3%) had antibodies: two anti‐GAD, one anti‐LGI1, and one anti‐Hu. Antibody‐positive patients showed later epilepsy onset, had more seizure frequency fluctuations, cutaneous drug reactions, and electrographic seizures compared to antibody‐negative patients. All of them had TLE, and anti‐GAD cases had refractory unilateral MTLE‐HS, musicogenic seizures, and temporal hypermetabolism on interictal FDG‐PET. The ONES checklist had the highest sensitivity and specificity to identify patients with antibodies. Significance All patients with long‐term epilepsy and neuronal antibodies had TLE, with 60% exhibiting MTLE‐HS associated with GAD antibodies. Neuronal antibodies were rarely detected (0.4%) among patients with isolated long‐term epilepsy, but when present, they were associated with specific clinical and laboratory features. Plain Language Summary Neuronal antibodies are biological markers of autoimmune encephalitis, a condition that causes sudden and rapidly worsening cognitive decline, changes in mental state, and psychiatric symptoms, often accompanied by seizures and other neurological issues. In our study, we investigated how often these antibodies appear in patients with isolated long‐term epilepsy and what clinical or laboratory characteristics are associated with them. We found neuronal antibodies only in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These antibodies were rare (0.4%) among patients with long‐term epilepsy alone and were linked to specific clinical and laboratory features.

Background: Drug metabolism is a multistep process by which the body disposes of xenobiotic agents such as therapeutic drugs. Genetic variation in the enzymes involved in this process can lead to variability in a patient’s response to medication. Methods: We used molecular-inversion probe technology to develop a multiplex genotyping assay that can simultaneously test for 1227 genetic variants in 169 genes involved in drug metabolism, excretion, and transport. Within this larger set of variants, we performed analytical validation of a clinically defined core set of 165 variants in 27 genes to assess accuracy, imprecision, and dynamic range. Results: In a test set of 91 samples, genotyping accuracy for the core set probes was 99.8% for called genotypes, with a 1.2% no-call (NC) rate. The majority of the core set probes (133 of 165) had ≤1 genotyping failure in the test set; a subset of 12 probes was responsible for the majority of failures (mainly NC). Genotyping results were reproducible upon repeat testing with overall within- and between-run variation of 1.1% and 1.4%, respectively—again, primarily NCs in a subset of probes. The assay showed stable genotyping results over a 6-fold range of input DNA. Conclusions: This assay generates a comprehensive assessment of a patient’s metabolic genotype and is a tool that can provide a more thorough understanding of patient-to-patient variability in pharmacokinetic responses to drugs.

The combined effects of multiple polymorphisms in several drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes can contribute to considerable interindividual variation in drug disposition and response. Therefore, it has been of increasing interest to generate scalable, flexible and cost-effective technologies for large-scale genotyping of the drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes. However, the number of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene variants exceeds the capacity of current technologies to comprehensively assess multiple polymorphisms in a single, multiplexed assay. The Targeted Genotyping System (Affymetrix, CA, USA) provides a solution to this challenge, by combining molecular inversion probe technology with universal microarrays to provide a method that is capable of analyzing thousands of variants in a single reaction, while remaining relatively insensitive to cross-reactivity between reaction components. This review will focus on the Targeted Genotyping System and how this technology was adapted to enable comprehensive analysis of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene polymorphisms.

Zora Neale Hurston’s subscription of West African Vodun inTheir Eyes Were Watching God(1937) falls within an African American literary practice traceable from Charles Chesnutt’s conjure tales published at the turn of the twentieth century to Toni Morrison’s ninth novel,A Mercy,published in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Relegating Vodun material to a subtextual level inTheir Eyes Were Watching God,Hurston succeeds in imbuing her second novel with West African traditional beliefs and practices—old and new—as pervasive natural forces emanating from a cosmic doxology that harmonizes with, reconciles, and even reinforces the beliefs

My aim in this chapter is to use a traditional genre approach to shed light on aspects of two novels published during the same decade, the 1980s, by Catholic authors who are separated by geographical, national, and linguistic boundaries. Born in Tokyo in 1923, the Japanese author Shūsaku Endō was baptized into the Catholic faith as a boy by his mother, who had converted to Roman Catholicism. He was given the Christian name Paul in honor of St. Paul, the apostle whose name was changed from Saul to Paul when he converted to Christianity. American Mary Gordon was raised in

The combined effects of multiple polymorphisms in several drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes can contribute to considerable interindividual variation in drug disposition and response. Therefore, it has been of increasing interest to generate scalable, flexible and cost-effective technologies for large-scale genotyping of the drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes. However, the number of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene variants exceeds the capacity of current technologies to comprehensively assess multiple polymorphisms in a single, multiplexed assay. The Targeted Genotyping System (Affymetrix , CA, USA) provides a solution to this challenge, by combining molecular inversion probe technology with universal microarrays to provide a method that is capable of analyzing thousands of variants in a single reaction, while remaining relatively insensitive to cross-reactivity between reaction components. This review will focus on the Targeted Genotyping System and how this technology was adapted to enable comprehensive analysis of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene polymorphisms.

The combined effects of multiple polymorphisms in several drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes can contribute to considerable interindividual variation in drug disposition and response. Therefore, it has been of increasing interest to generate scalable, flexible and cost-effective technologies for large-scale genotyping of the drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes. However, the number of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene variants exceeds the capacity of current technologies to comprehensively assess multiple polymorphisms in a single, multiplexed assay. The Targeted Genotyping System (Affymetrix.sup.® , CA, USA) provides a solution to this challenge, by combining molecular inversion probe technology with universal microarrays to provide a method that is capable of analyzing thousands of variants in a single reaction, while remaining relatively insensitive to cross-reactivity between reaction components. This review will focus on the Targeted Genotyping System and how this technology was adapted to enable comprehensive analysis of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene polymorphisms.

The combined effects of multiple polymorphisms in several drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes can contribute to considerable interindividual variation in drug disposition and response. Therefore, it has been of increasing interest to generate scalable, flexible and cost-effective technologies for large-scale genotyping of the drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes. However, the number of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene variants exceeds the capacity of current technologies to comprehensively assess multiple polymorphisms in a single, multiplexed assay. The Targeted Genotyping System (Affymetrix super( registered ), CA, USA) provides a solution to this challenge, by combining molecular inversion probe technology with universal microarrays to provide a method that is capable of analyzing thousands of variants in a single reaction, while remaining relatively insensitive to cross-reactivity between reaction components. This review will focus on the Targeted Genotyping System and how this technology was adapted to enable comprehensive analysis of drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene polymorphisms.