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"Wilcken, C. F."
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Psyllaephagus brachiatus and Psyllaephagus sp. HH (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in infestations of Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Brazil
2026
Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), a pest of Australian origin, has spread to many countries where it damages plants of the Eucalyptus genus. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the most widely employed biological control strategy to manage this pest. The identification of Psyllaephagus species present in Brazil is essential, as they may compromise the effectiveness of the biological control of G. brimblecombei. The objective of this study was to report species of Psyllaephagus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in infestations of G. brimblecombei in Brazil. Psyllaephagus spp. adults were collected, identified, stored in 90% ethanol at -20°C, and identification verified by molecular methods. The DNA of the adult insects was extracted and amplified using the primers CP1 and CB2. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the association of the parasitoid lineage found to Psyllaephagus brachiatus Riek and Psyllaephagus sp. HH (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) reported in Australia as heteronomous hyperparasitoids (autoparasitoids) with females developing in unparasitized psyllids and males in those parasitized by conspecific females or heterospecific parasitoids. The biology of these Psyllaephagus lineages and its impact as hyperparasitoids in their hosts in Brazil requires further studies. Psyllaephagus brachiatus and Psyllaephagus sp. HH, were identified for the first time in Brazil, and their detection in infestations of G. brimblecombei highlights the need to better understand their relationship with this pest and its parasitoid P. bliteus.
Journal Article
Leptocybe invasa males and the parasitoid Quadrastichus mendeli (Hym.: Eulophidae): First report in Paraguay
2025
Abstract Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle, 2004 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) forms galls in tips, young branches, central veins, and petioles of Eucalyptus spp. leaves. This insect reproduces primarily through thelytokous parthenogenesis, with males being rare. The parasitism of L. invasa by Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with short life cycle and rapid dispersion, is high. The objective was to record the first occurrence of L. invasa males and its parasitoid Q. mendeli in galls of this pest in Paraguay. Branches of the grancam clone PL 113 (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis) with L. invasa galls were collected from February to April 2022 in the Maciel District, Caazapá Department, Paraguay. These branches were put in plastic bags, preserved in 70% ethanol and the insects emerged sent to the Laboratory of Biological Control of Forest Pests (LCBPF) at FCA/UNESP in Botucatu, São Paulo state, Brazil. Morphological characteristics confirmed the presence of L. invasa males at a ratio of 38:1 (females to males). Morphological and molecular analysis identified Q. mendeli and its samples deposited in GenBank (OR248672.1). The parasitism rate of L. invasa by Q. mendeli was 26.8%, marking the first record of this occurrence in Paraguay. Resumo Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle, 2004 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) forma galhas nos ponteiros, ramos jovens, nervuras centrais e pecíolos das folhas de Eucalyptus spp. Este inseto se reproduz predominantemente por partenogênese telítoca, sendo os machos raros. O parasitismo de L. invasa por Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), que apresenta ciclo de vida curto e rápida dispersão, é elevado. O objetivo deste estudo foi registrar a primeira ocorrência de machos de L. invasa e de seu parasitoide Q. mendeli em galhas dessa praga no Paraguai. Ramos do clone grancam PL 113 (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis), com galhas de L. invasa, foram coletados entre fevereiro e abril de 2022, no Distrito de Maciel, Departamento de Caazapá, Paraguai. Esses ramos foram acondicionados em sacos plásticos, preservados em etanol a 70% e os insetos emergidos foram enviados ao Laboratório de Controle Biológico de Pragas Florestais (LCBPF), da FCA/UNESP, em Botucatu, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As características morfológicas confirmaram a presença de machos de L. invasa em uma proporção de 38:1 (fêmeas: machos). Análises morfológicas e moleculares identificaram Q. mendeli, com amostras depositadas no GenBank (OR248672.1). A taxa de parasitismo de L. invasa por Q. mendeli foi de 26,8%, constituindo o primeiro registro dessa ocorrência no Paraguai.
Journal Article
Hyperparasitoids of Xenostigmus bifasciatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoid of Cinara spp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Pinus plantations in Brazil
by
Zanuncio, J Cola
,
Vandresen, P B
,
Wilcken, C F
in
Animals
,
Aphids - parasitology
,
Asaphes californicus
2026
Hyperparasitoidism can reduce the biological control of Cinara spp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Pinus (Gymnospermae: Pinaceae) plantations in Brazil. Cinara atlantica (Wilson, 1919) and Cinara pinivora (Wilson, 1919), introduced into Brazil in the 1990s, damage young Pinus plants. The primary parasitoid Xenostigmus bifasciatus (Ashmead, 1891) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was introduced and released between 2002 and 2004 in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo, Brazil. The dispersion of this biological control agent was extensive, with parasitoidism near 100%, stabilizing Cinara spp. populations for years, however, the population increase of these aphids in Pinus taeda (Linnaeus, 1753) plantations up to 2.5 years old between 2022 and 2025 suggests a reduction in the efficiency of biological control. Eight hundred and eighty-four mummies of Cinara spp. were collected from commercial plantations in Santa Catarina and reared in laboratory, from which 203 Hymenoptera specimens emerged, including 24 (11.82% of the total mummies collected) of X. bifasciatus and 179 (88.18%) of the hyperparasitoids Asaphes californicus Girault, 1917 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: incertae sedis) (55.17%); Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis, 1829) (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) (10.80%); D. ramicornis (Boheman, 1832) (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) (9.90%); and Euneura sopolis (Walker, 1844) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (12.31%). This is the first record of D. ramicornis and the four species associated with Cinara spp. in P. taeda in Brazil. The high incidence of hyperparasitoidism may be the main cause of the reduced efficiency of Cinara spp. biological control in Pinus plantations in southern Brazil by X. bifasciatus.
Journal Article
Effect of temperature and substrate on conidia yield of entomopathogenic fungi using the JKI solid-state bioreactor system
by
Zanuncio, J. C.
,
Stephan, D.
,
Wilcken, C. F.
in
Beauveria - growth & development
,
biological control
,
BIOLOGY
2025
Abstract The growing demand for sustainable pest control has intensified the need for large-scale biopesticide production. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are widely used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM), but their production still requires more efficient, scalable methods. This study is the first to evaluate the simultaneous cultivation of B. bassiana (IBCB227) and M. anisopliae (IBCB425) in the JKI-Solid Fermenter System (JKI-SFs) under different temperatures and novel substrate combinations, including rice-barley mixes. Solid-state fermentation was conducted at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 37 °C on parboiled rice, barley, and a rice-barley mix (4:1). Optimal conidia yields were achieved at 25 °C for B. bassiana and 25-30 °C for M. anisopliae, with no sporulation at 37 °C. The rice-barley matrix enhanced production: a 194% increase in conidia yield was observed for B. bassiana and 5.8% for M. anisopliae compared to rice alone. The JKI-SFs bioreactor enabled yields up to 6.0 × 109 conidia/g dry mass without contamination and with better handling. These findings demonstrate the potential of JKI-SFs as an efficient, scalable, and contamination-free system for biopesticide production using optimized substrate strategies. Resumo A crescente demanda por controle sustentável de pragas intensificou a necessidade de produção de biopesticidas em larga escala. Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são amplamente utilizadas no Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP), mas sua produção ainda requer métodos mais eficientes e escaláveis. Este estudo é o primeiro a avaliar o cultivo simultâneo de B. bassiana (IBCB227) e M. anisopliae (IBCB425) no Sistema JKI-Fermentador Sólido (JKI-SFs) sob diferentes temperaturas e novas combinações de substratos, incluindo misturas de arroz e cevada. A fermentação em estado sólido foi conduzida a 15, 20, 25, 30 e 37 °C em arroz parboilizado, cevada e uma mistura de arroz e cevada (4:1). Rendimentos ótimos de conídios foram alcançados a 25 °C para B. bassiana e 25-30 °C para M. anisopliae, sem esporulação a 37 °C. A matriz arroz-cevada aumentou a produção: observou-se um aumento de 194% na produção de conídios para B. bassiana e 5,8% para M. anisopliae em comparação com o arroz isolado. O biorreator JKI-SFs permitiu rendimentos de até 6,0×109 conídios/g de massa seca sem contaminação e com melhor manuseio. Esses resultados demonstram o potencial dos JKI-SFs como um sistema eficiente, escalável e livre de contaminação para a produção de biopesticidas, utilizando estratégias otimizadas de substrato.
Journal Article
High population levels lead Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) to unrecorded feeding and oviposition behaviors on Eucalyptus urograndis plants
2024
Abstract The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an insect pest originating in Australia and which feeds only on Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) plants, has spread to several countries. The populations of this insect commonly reach high populations on Eucalyptus plants since its entry into Brazil, and also indicated an unrecorded behavioral. The objectives of this study were to describe a peculiar adaptation in the feeding habit of G. brimblecombei and to register the new habit. The oviposition and feeding by G. brimblecombei, commonly, on the leaves of Eucalyptus, started to occur, also, on lignified twigs. This suggests a not yet recorded adaptation of this insect to reduce insect × plant intraspecific competition. Resumo O psilídeo de concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), um inseto praga originário da Austrália e que se alimenta apenas de plantas de Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), se espalhou por vários países. Esse inseto, geralmente, atinge grandes populações em plantas de Eucalyptus desde sua entrada no Brasil e, também, indicou um comportamento diferente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever uma adaptação peculiar no hábito alimentar de G. brimblecombei e registrar o novo hábito. A oviposição e alimentação por G. brimblecombei, geralmente, nas folhas de Eucalyptus, passaram a ocorrer, também, em ramos lignificados. Isso sugere uma adaptação diferente desse inseto para reduzir a competição intraespecífica inseto × planta.
Journal Article
Pathogenicity of Steinernema brazilense (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to Gonipterus platensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) prepupae
2021
The adaption to new environments and host searching efficiency reinforce the entomopathogenic nematode potential to manage agriculture and forest pests. Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae/Heterorhabditidae) are efficient against Curculionidae. Steinernema and Heterorhabditis genera were virulent to Sphenophorus levis Vaurie adults. Gonipterus platensis larvae and adults feed on leaves and pupate in the soil when they may have contact with entomopathogenic nematodes. Here, Brida et al evaluate the pathogenicity of S. brazilense to G. platensis prepupae.
Journal Article
Quadrastichus mendeli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Eucalyptus spp. Seedlings
2025
Abstract Galls by Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reduce the productivity of Eucalyptus spp. plantations and Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizes this pest. This study aimed to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, two biological control strategies against Leptocybe invasa using the parasitoid Quadrastichus mendeli: (i) inundative biological control (referred to here as applied biological control), consisting of the release of five mated females per seedling, and (ii) natural biological control, representing the action of naturally occurring populations of the parasitoid already established in the environment. Ninety-day-old seedlings of the clone 3025 (Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis), naturally infested by L. invasa, were placed individually in cages under controlled conditions (25 ± 2 °C; 70 ± 10% RH; 12 h photoperiod) in a completely randomized design with 22 replicates per treatment. The number of insects was adjusted using zero-inflated mixed nonlinear regression models. The emergence of L. invasa adults (p>0.05) was similar between treatments, but that of Q. mendeli greater with the release of five females of this natural enemy per seedling compared to the applied biological control. The controlled release of Q. mendeli reduced L. invasa damage on Eucalyptus seedlings, increasing the importance of applied biological control to manage this pest in cultivated forests. Resumo Galhas formadas por Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reduzem a produtividade de plantações de Eucalyptus spp., e Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasita essa praga. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em condições laboratoriais, duas estratégias de controle biológico contra Leptocybe invasa utilizando o parasitoide Quadrastichus mendeli: (i) controle biológico inundativo (denominado aqui como controle biológico aplicado), consistindo na liberação de cinco fêmeas acasaladas por muda, e (ii) controle biológico clássico, representando a ação de populações naturalmente ocorrentes do parasitoide já estabelecidas no ambiente. Mudas com 90 dias de idade do clone 3025 (Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis), naturalmente infestadas por L. invasa, foram colocadas individualmente em gaiolas sob condições controladas (25 ± 2 °C; 70 ± 10% UR; fotoperíodo de 12 h) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 22 repetições por tratamento. O número de insetos foi ajustado por meio de modelos de regressão não linear mistos com inflação de zeros. A emergência de adultos de L. invasa (p>0,05) foi semelhante entre os tratamentos, mas a de Q. mendeli foi maior com a liberação de cinco fêmeas desse inimigo natural por muda, em comparação ao controle biológico aplicado. A liberação controlada de Q. mendeli reduziu os danos causados por L. invasa em mudas de Eucalyptus, ressaltando a importância do controle biológico aplicado para o manejo dessa praga em florestas cultivadas.
Journal Article
Predation by Coccinellidae on Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) eggs
2025
Abstract Exotic Eucalyptus spp. are the most planted trees species in forest cultivation in Brazil. The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an invasive exotic pest, reduces the development and wood production of Eucalyptus spp. plantations. The search for natural enemies targeting the egg life stage is beneficial for the integrated pest management of G. brimblecombei. The objective of this work was to test a range of Coccinellidae species that potentially prey on G. brimblecombei eggs. Cycloneda sanguinea Linnaeus, Eriopsis conexa Germar, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Jaguarita conjugata Mulsant and Olla v-nigrum Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), reported to be associated with G. brimblecombei infestations, were evaluated. Newly emerged adults of O. v-nigrum and J. conjugata preyed on G. brimblecombei eggs, unlike C. sanguinea, E. conexa, H. axyridis and H. convergens. Predation of eggs by O. v-nigrum was highest, with a mean of 1,016 in 24 hours. These results, evaluating a range of Coccinellidae as predators of G. brimblecombei eggs, confirm the high predation rate of G. brimblecombei eggs by O. v-nigrum and that this ladybug may be important in the integrated management of this pest. Resumo O gênero Eucalyptus ocupa a maior área plantada no setor florestal brasileiro com alta produtividade. O psilídeo de concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), praga exótica, reduz o desenvolvimento e produção de madeira nesses plantios. A busca de inimigos naturais para a fase de ovos de G. brimblecombei é essencial para complementar o manejo integrado e quebrar o ciclo da praga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a predação de ovos de G. brimblecombei por seis espécies de Coccinelidae. A predação de ovos de G. brimblecombei por Cycloneda sanguinea Linnaeus, Eriopsis conexa Germar, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Jaguarita conjugata Mulsant e Olla v-nigrum Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), comumente associadas com infestações por essa praga, foi avaliada. Adultos recém emergidos de O. v-nigrum e J. conjugata predaram ovos de G. brimblecombei, mas isto não foi observado para C. sanguinea, E. conexa, H. axyridis e H. convergens. A predação de ovos, dessa praga, por O. v-nigrum foi maior em todas as avaliações, com 1.016 após 24 horas. Estes resultados são pioneiros na utilização de coccinelídeos no manejo de pragas do eucalipto. A maior predação de ovos de G. brimblecombei por O. v-nigrum indica que este predador pode ser importante para complementar o manejo integrado dessa praga.
Journal Article