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"Williams, Robert"
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The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation
In the race for a safe and effective vaccine against coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, pharmaceutical formulation science plays a critical role throughout the development, manufacturing, distribution, and vaccination phases. The proper choice of the type of vaccine, carrier or vector, adjuvant, excipients, dosage form, and route of administration can directly impact not only the immune responses induced and the resultant efficacy against COVID-19, but also the logistics of manufacturing, storing and distributing the vaccine, and mass vaccination. In this review, we described the COVID-19 vaccines that are currently tested in clinical trials and provided in-depth insight into the various types of vaccines, their compositions, advantages, and potential limitations. We also addressed how challenges in vaccine distribution and administration may be alleviated by applying vaccine-stabilization strategies and the use of specific mucosal immune response-inducing, non-invasive routes of administration, which must be considered early in the development process.
Journal Article
Vintage marketing differentiation : the origins of marketing and branding strategies
This text analyses the origins of marketing and branding strategies and the unique situations involving differentiation. Photographs of actual materials that were created and used in marketing campaigns between 1846-1946 are featured to bring to life these vintage innovations. Examining how and why these classic strategies were devised and implemented provides insight on how the vintage strategies can continue to be used to position products, services, and experiences within current market situations. 'Vintage Marketing Differentiation' describes real life, innovative, outside-the-box solutions.
Book
Robert Franklin Williams Speaks: A Documentary History
Williams was a compassionate man. He was an intelligent American citizen and Korean war veteran, who claimed his right of American citizenship. Acutely aware of the broken promises of the US government, he remained fully invested in the rights, privileges, and responsibilities the Constitution guaranteed all of its citizens. As many of his contemporaries now confess, Williams's strength and appeal, as explained by his second son, John Williams, was his uncompromising stance and determination to act on the American dream he imagined for social, economic, and political equality for African Americans. The skills he acquired as a journalist and propaganda specialist were key to his political development, evolution, and transnational collaborations with Cuba and China, which he used to challenge domestic policies in the United States, were way beyond the imagination of his supporters in the United States. Williams ultimately used these strengths, strategies, and collaborations to deliver liberting messages of freedom, resistance, and social and economic equality on behalf of the rights of African Americans. Williams significantly contributed to the Black freedom struggle and should not be forgotten. Robert Franklin Williams Speaks: A Documentary History includes a collection of interviews, speeches, and writings by and about Williams as an internationalist, pragmatist, and civil and human rights champion.
eBook
كوكب الآلهة
تخرج البعثة النجمية الثالثة من الأرض للبحث عن حياة عاقلة في أرجاء هذا الكون الشاسع. تكتشف البعثة وجود كوكبين يدوران حول النجم فيجا الذي يبعد عن الأرض بسنوات ضوئية عديدة ؛ فهل يمكن أن تكون هناك حياة عاقلة في كوكبٍ من الكوكبين؟ أي أخطار قد تتهدد أعضاء البعثة النجمية وهم بعيدون عن كوكبهم الأم؟ رواية \"كوكب الآلهة\" التي صدرت سنة 1942 من كلاسيكيات أدب الخيال العلمي، تأليف الكاتب الأمريكي روبرت مور ويليامز المتخصص في أدب الخيال العلمي، الذي نشر له أكثر من 150 رواية وقصة قصيرة ما بين ثلاثينيات وسبعينيات القرن الماضي. ترجمة أحمد صلاح المهدي، روائي ومترجم وناقد مصري، متخصص في الفانتازيا والخيال العلمي وأدب الأطفال واليافعين، نشر له عدد من الروايات والكتب المترجمة، بالإضافة إلى مقالات أدبية ونقدية في مجلات ومواقع عربية وأجنبية.
Book
Hot-Melt Extrusion: from Theory to Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation—Where Are We Now?
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a globally recognized, robust, effective technology that enhances the bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients and offers an efficient continuous manufacturing process. The twin-screw extruder (TSE) offers an extremely resourceful customizable mixer that is used for continuous compounding and granulation by using different combinations of conveying elements, kneading elements (forward and reverse configuration), and distributive mixing elements. TSE is thus efficiently utilized for dry, wet, or melt granulation not only to manufacture dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, or granule-filled sachets, but also for designing novel formulations such as dry powder inhalers, drying units for granules, nanoextrusion, 3D printing, complexation, and amorphous solid dispersions. Over the past decades, combined academic and pharmaceutical industry collaborations have driven novel innovations for HME technology, which has resulted in a substantial increase in published articles and patents. This article summarizes the challenges and models for executing HME scale-up. Additionally, it covers the benefits of continuous manufacturing, process analytical technology (PAT) considerations, and regulatory requirements. In summary, this well-designed review builds upon our earlier publication, probing deeper into the potential of twin-screw extruders (TSE) for various new applications.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Effects of the Preparation Process on the Properties of Amorphous Solid Dispersions
The use of amorphous solid dispersions to improve the bioavailability of active ingredients from the BCS II and IV classifications continues to gain interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Over the last decade, methods for generating amorphous solid dispersions have been well established in commercially available products and in the literature. However, the amorphous solid dispersions manufactured by different technologies differ in many aspects, primarily chemical stability, physical stability, and performance, both
in vitro
and
in vivo
. This review analyzes the impact of manufacturing methods on those properties of amorphous solid dispersions. For example, the chemical stability of drugs and polymers can be influenced by differences in the level of thermal exposure during fusion-based and solvent-based processes. The physical stability of amorphous content varies according to the thermal history, particle morphology, and nucleation process of amorphous solid dispersions produced by different methods. The
in vitro
and
in vivo
performance of amorphous formulations are also affected by differences in particle morphology and in the molecular interactions caused by the manufacturing method. Additionally, we describe the mechanism of manufacturing methods and the thermodynamic theories that relate to amorphous formulations.
Journal Article
Emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies Used in the Development of Solid Dosage Forms
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based formulation development is a promising approach for facilitating the drug product development process. AI is a versatile tool that contains multiple algorithms that can be applied in various circumstances. Solid dosage forms, represented by tablets, capsules, powder, granules, etc., are among the most widely used administration methods. During the product development process, multiple factors including critical material attributes (CMAs) and processing parameters can affect product properties, such as dissolution rates, physical and chemical stabilities, particle size distribution, and the aerosol performance of the dry powder. However, the conventional trial-and-error approach for product development is inefficient, laborious, and time-consuming. AI has been recently recognized as an emerging and cutting-edge tool for pharmaceutical formulation development which has gained much attention. This review provides the following insights: (1) a general introduction of AI in the pharmaceutical sciences and principal guidance from the regulatory agencies, (2) approaches to generating a database for solid dosage formulations, (3) insight on data preparation and processing, (4) a brief introduction to and comparisons of AI algorithms, and (5) information on applications and case studies of AI as applied to solid dosage forms. In addition, the powerful technique known as deep learning-based image analytics will be discussed along with its pharmaceutical applications. By applying emerging AI technology, scientists and researchers can better understand and predict the properties of drug formulations to facilitate more efficient drug product development processes.
Journal Article