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Clinical practice of pediatric psychology
\"Filled with vivid clinical material, this book describes effective practices for helping children and their families who are coping with chronic and acute health conditions and their treatment. Concise chapters on the psychosocial challenges associated with specific pediatric health conditions are organized around detailed case presentations. Demonstrating procedures for assessment, case conceptualization, brief intervention, and health promotion, the book highlights ways to collaborate successfully with medical providers and families. Chapters also discuss the varied roles that pediatric psychologists play in hospitals, outpatient clinics, primary care, and educational settings. Subject Areas/Keywords: adolescents, behavioral health, childhood, children, chronic, conditions, developmental disabilities, diseases, families, family, health behaviors, health promotion, health psychology, illnesses, interventions, medical disorders, pain, pediatric psychology, prevention, primary care, problems, psychological disorders, schools Audience: Clinical child and health psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatrists, nurses, and school psychologists; also of interest to pediatricians\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of coronavirus that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been the most challenging pandemic in this century. Considering its high mortality and rapid spread, an effective vaccine is urgently needed to control this pandemic. As a result, the academia, industry, and government sectors are working tightly together to develop and test a variety of vaccines at an unprecedented pace. In this review, we outline the essential coronavirus biological characteristics that are important for vaccine design. In addition, we summarize key takeaways from previous vaccination studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), highlighting the pros and cons of each immunization strategy. Finally, based on these prior vaccination experiences, we discuss recent progress and potential challenges of COVID-19 vaccine development.
Journal Article
IMPACT OF TYPHOONS ON THE OCEAN IN THE PACIFIC
Tropical cyclones (TCs) change the ocean by mixing deeper water into the surface layers, by the direct air–sea exchange of moisture and heat from the sea surface, and by inducing currents, surface waves, and waves internal to the ocean. In turn, the changed ocean influences the intensity of the TC, primarily through the action of surface waves and of cooler surface temperatures that modify the air–sea fluxes. The Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) program made detailed measurements of three different TCs (i.e., typhoons) and their interaction with the ocean in the western Pacific. ITOP coordinated meteorological and oceanic observations from aircraft and satellites with deployments of autonomous oceanographic instruments from the aircraft and from ships. These platforms and instruments measured typhoon intensity and structure, the underlying ocean structure, and the long-term recovery of the ocean from the storms' effects with a particular emphasis on the cooling of the ocean beneath the storm and the resulting cold wake. Initial results show how different TCs create very different wakes, whose strength and properties depend most heavily on the nondimensional storm speed. The degree to which air–sea fluxes in the TC core were reduced by ocean cooling varied greatly. A warm layer formed over and capped the cold wakes within a few days, but a residual cold subsurface layer persisted for 10–30 days.
Journal Article
Phosphorylation of paxillin confers cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer via activating ERK-mediated Bcl-2 expression
Paxillin (PXN) is required for receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated ERK activation, and the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade has been linked with Bcl-2 expression. We hypothesized that phosphorylation of PXN by the EGFR/Src pathway might contribute to cisplatin resistance via increased Bcl-2 expression. We show that cisplatin resistance was dependent on PXN expression, as evidenced by PXN overexpression in TL-13 and TL-10 cells and PXN knockdown in H23 and CL1-5 cells. Specific inhibitors of signaling pathways indicated that the phosphorylation of PXN at Y118 and Y31 via the Src pathway was responsible for cisplatin resistance. We further demonstrated that ERK activation was also dependent on this PXN phosphorylation. Bcl-2 transcription was upregulated by phosphorylated PXN-mediated ERK activation via increased binding of phosphorylated CREB to the Bcl-2 promoter. A subsequent increase in Bcl-2 levels by a PXN/ERK axis was responsible for the resistance to cisplatin. Animal models further confirmed the findings of
in vitro
cells indicating that xenograft tumors induced by TL-13-overexpressing cells were successfully suppressed by cisplatin combined with Src or ERK inhibitor compared with treatment of cisplatin, Src inhibitor or ERK inhibitor alone. A positive correlation of phosphorylated PXN with phosphorylated ERK and Bcl-2 was observed in lung tumors from NSCLC patients. Patients with tumors positive for PXN, phosphorylated PXN, phosphorylated ERK and Bcl-2 more commonly showed a poorer response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy than did patients with negative tumors. Collectively, PXN phosphorylation might contribute to cisplatin resistance via activating ERK-mediated Bcl-2 transcription. Therefore, we suggest that Src or ERK inhibitor might be helpful to improve the sensitivity for cisplatin-based chemotherapy in NSCLC patients with PXN-positive tumors.
Journal Article
Economic impact and cost-effectiveness of fracture liaison services: a systematic review of the literature
Fracture liaison services (FLS), implemented in different ways and countries, are reported to be a cost-effective or even a cost-saving secondary fracture prevention strategy. This presumed favorable cost-benefit relationship is encouraging and lends support to expanded implementation of FLS per International Osteoporosis Foundation Best Practice Standards. This study summarizes the economic impact and cost-effectiveness of FLS implemented to reduce subsequent fractures in individuals with osteoporosis. This systematic review identified studies reporting economic outcomes for FLS in osteoporotic patients aged 50 and older through a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and PubMed of studies published January, 2000 to December, 2016. Grey literature (e.g., Google scholar, conference abstracts/posters) were also hand searched through February 2017. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and conducted full-text review on qualified articles. All disagreements were resolved by discussion between reviewers to reach consensus or by a third reviewer. In total, 23 qualified studies that evaluated the economic aspects of FLS were included: 16 cost-effectiveness studies, 2 cost-benefit analyses, and 5 studies of cost savings. Patient populations varied (prior fragility fracture, non-vertebral fracture, hip fracture, wrist fracture), and FLS strategies ranged from mail-based interventions to comprehensive nurse/physician-coordinated programs. Cost-effectiveness studies were conducted in Canada, Australia, USA, UK, Japan, Taiwan, and Sweden. FLS was cost-effective in comparisons with usual care or no treatment, regardless of the program intensity or the country in which the FLS was implemented (cost/QALY from $3023–$28,800 US dollars (USD) in Japan to $14,513–$112,877 USD in USA. Several studies documented cost savings. FLS, implemented in different ways and countries, are reported to be cost-effective or even cost-saving. This presumed favorable cost-benefit relationship is encouraging and lends support to expanded implementation of FLS per International Osteoporosis Foundation Best Practice Standards.
Journal Article
Walking along chromosomes with super-resolution imaging, contact maps, and integrative modeling
Chromosome organization is crucial for genome function. Here, we present a method for visualizing chromosomal DNA at super-resolution and then integrating Hi-C data to produce three-dimensional models of chromosome organization. Using the super-resolution microscopy methods of OligoSTORM and OligoDNA-PAINT, we trace 8 megabases of human chromosome 19, visualizing structures ranging in size from a few kilobases to over a megabase. Focusing on chromosomal regions that contribute to compartments, we discover distinct structures that, in spite of considerable variability, can predict whether such regions correspond to active (A-type) or inactive (B-type) compartments. Imaging through the depths of entire nuclei, we capture pairs of homologous regions in diploid cells, obtaining evidence that maternal and paternal homologous regions can be differentially organized. Finally, using restraint-based modeling to integrate imaging and Hi-C data, we implement a method-integrative modeling of genomic regions (IMGR)-to increase the genomic resolution of our traces to 10 kb.
Journal Article
Direct and indirect Z-scheme heterostructure-coupled photosystem enabling cooperation of CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation
The stoichiometric photocatalytic reaction of CO
2
with H
2
O is one of the great challenges in photocatalysis. Here, we construct a Cu
2
O-Pt/SiC/IrO
x
composite by a controlled photodeposition and then an artificial photosynthetic system with Nafion membrane as diaphragm separating reduction and oxidation half-reactions. The artificial system exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance for CO
2
reduction to HCOOH and H
2
O oxidation to O
2
under visible light irradiation. The yields of HCOOH and O
2
meet almost stoichiometric ratio and are as high as 896.7 and 440.7 μmol g
−1
h
−1
, respectively. The high efficiencies of CO
2
reduction and H
2
O oxidation in the artificial system are attributed to both the direct Z-scheme electronic structure of Cu
2
O-Pt/SiC/IrO
x
and the indirect Z-scheme spatially separated reduction and oxidation units, which greatly prolong lifetime of photogenerated electrons and holes and prevent the backward reaction of products. This work provides an effective and feasible strategy to increase the efficiency of artificial photosynthesis.
The stoichiometric photoreaction of CO
2
with H
2
O is one of the big challenges in photocatalysis. An artificial photosynthetic system based on a direct and indirect Z-scheme heterostructure is synthesised, enabling simultaneous CO
2
reduction to HCOOH and H
2
O oxidation to O
2
.
Journal Article
High-quality thulium iron garnet films with tunable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy by off-axis sputtering – correlation between magnetic properties and film strain
Thulium iron garnet (TmIG) films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) were grown on gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) (111) substrates by
off-axis
sputtering. High-resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction studies and spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (Cs-corrected STEM) images showed the excellent crystallinity of the films and their sharp interface with GGG. Damping constant of TmIG thin film was determined to be 0.0133 by frequency-dependent ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements. The saturation magnetization (M
s
) and the coercive field (H
c
) were obtained systematically as a function of the longitudinal distance (L) between the sputtering target and the substrate. A 170% enhancement of PMA field (H
⊥
) was achieved by tuning the film composition to increase the tensile strain. Moreover, current-induced magnetization switching on a Pt/TmIG structure was demonstrated with an ultra-low critical current density (j
c
) of 2.5 × 10
6
A/cm
2
, an order of magnitude smaller than the previously reported value. We were able to tune M
s
, H
c
and H
⊥
to obtain an ultra-low j
c
of switching the magnetization, showing the great potential of sputtered TmIG films for spintronics.
Journal Article
Highly structured homolog pairing reflects functional organization of the Drosophila genome
Trans
-homolog interactions have been studied extensively in
Drosophila
, where homologs are paired in somatic cells and transvection is prevalent. Nevertheless, the detailed structure of pairing and its functional impact have not been thoroughly investigated. Accordingly, we generated a diploid cell line from divergent parents and applied haplotype-resolved Hi-C, showing that homologs pair with varying precision genome-wide, in addition to establishing
trans
-homolog domains and compartments. We also elucidate the structure of pairing with unprecedented detail, observing significant variation across the genome and revealing at least two forms of pairing: tight pairing, spanning contiguous small domains, and loose pairing, consisting of single larger domains. Strikingly, active genomic regions (A-type compartments, active chromatin, expressed genes) correlated with tight pairing, suggesting that pairing has a functional implication genome-wide. Finally, using RNAi and haplotype-resolved Hi-C, we show that disruption of pairing-promoting factors results in global changes in pairing, including the disruption of some interaction peaks.
Trans
-homolog interactions, such as homolog pairing, are highly structured and associated with gene function in
Drosophila
cells. Here, the authors use haplotype-resolved Hi-C to identify genome-wide
trans
-homolog interactions in a
Drosophila
hybrid cell line and investigate their patterns and functional roles.
Journal Article