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Precipitation whiplash, including abrupt shifts between wet and dry extremes, can cause large adverse impacts on human and natural systems. Here we quantify observed and projected changes in characteristics of sub-seasonal precipitation whiplash and investigate the role of individual anthropogenic influences on these changes. Results show that the occurrence frequency of global precipitation whiplash is projected to be 2.56 ± 0.16 times higher than in 1979–2019 by the end of the 21 st Century, with increasingly rapid and intense transitions between two extremes. The most dramatic increases of whiplash show in the polar and monsoon regions. Changes in precipitation whiplash show a much higher percentage change than precipitation totals. In historical simulations, anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol emissions have increased and decreased precipitation whiplash occurrences, respectively. By 2079, anthropogenic GHGs are projected to increase 55 ± 4% of the occurrences risk of precipitation whiplash, which is driven by shifts in circulation patterns conducive to precipitation extremes. This study shows that the occurrence frequency of global precipitation whiplash is projected to be ~2.6 times higher by the end of the 21st century compared to 1979–2019, with increasingly rapid and intense transitions between the two extremes.

Construction of C–C bonds via alkoxy radical-mediated remote C(sp 3 )–H functionalization is largely unexplored, as it is a formidable challenge to directly generate alkoxy radicals from alcohols due to the high bond dissociation energy (BDE) of O–H bonds. Disclosed herein is a practical and elusive metal-free alcohol-directed heteroarylation of remote unactivated C(sp 3 )–H bonds. Phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) is used as the only reagent to enable the coupling of alcohols and heteroaryls. Alkoxy radicals are readily generated from free alcohols under the irradiation of visible light, which trigger the regioselective hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT). A wide range of functional groups are compatible with the mild reaction conditions. Two unactivated C–H bonds are cleaved and one new C–C bond is constructed during the reaction. This protocol provides an efficient strategy for the late-stage functionalization of alcohols and heteroaryls. Direct remote C–H functionalization of aliphatic alcohols via alkoxy radicals is largely unexplored. Here, the authors report the C(sp 3 )-heteroaryl bond formation in aliphatic alcohols mediated by alkoxy radicals formed with a hypervalent iodine reagent.

Understanding the variability of spatial extents of precipitation extremes favors an accurate assessment of the severity of disasters caused by extreme precipitation events. Using a restricted neighborhood method, we identify the spatial extents of global precipitation extremes over 1983–2018 and examine their spatiotemporal variability and associated changes. Results show that the mid-latitudes shows the largest spatial extent of precipitation extremes, and the spatial extents in non-tropical regions over the Northern Hemisphere show significant seasonal differences. In non-monsoon regions, the spatial extents of precipitation extremes in autumn and winter are larger than those in spring and summer, and the annual average spatial extents of precipitation extremes all exceed 500 km, which are larger than those in monsoon regions. All the five non-monsoon regions over the Northern Hemisphere and three monsoon regions in the western Pacific show statistically significant increases in the spatial extent of precipitation extremes in most seasons.

Rational design of new bioisosteres through introduction of high-value functional groups to bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) is of particular use for drug discovery. Disclosed herein is the first access to valuable fluoroalkylthio(seleno)-functionalized BCPs. A range of SCF 3 , SCF 2 H, SCFH 2 , SeCF 3 , SeC 4 F 9 , and SeC 8 F 17 groups are readily incorporated to BCPs under mild conditions. Concomitant installation of a sulfone provides a platform for incorporation of the BCP motif to bioactive molecules. This practical protocol features novel BCP scaffolds, broad substrate scope, excellent atom-economy, simple operation, and gram-scale preparation.

Fluorine-containing compounds hold pivotal importance in life sciences. Recent decades have witnessed significant research efforts toward developing practical fluorination methods. Radical-mediated decarboxylative fluorination has proven to be a robust approach for incorporating diverse monofluoroalkyl groups. Here we show a radical-mediated modular synthesis of alkyl fluorides through a decarboxylative-desulfonylative gem -difunctionalization under mild photochemical conditions. The multi-component reaction proceeds in a controlled sequence of radical decarboxylation and heteroaryl migration, governed by radical polarity and kinetic effects, resulting in a wide range of valuable alkyl fluorides. Two C-C bonds and one C-F bond are concurrently formed throughout the process. Both styrenes and aliphatic alkenes serve as suitable substrates for this transformation. Furthermore, this method can be applied to the incorporation of a monofluoroalkyl moiety into complex alkene molecules at a late stage. Fluorine-containing compounds play a critical role in life sciences, driving extensive research into efficient fluorination methods over the past decades. Here, the authors report a radical-mediated synthesis of alkyl fluorides via decarboxylative-desulfonylative gem-difunctionalization under photochemical conditions.

Cinnamomum camphora , a key multifunctional tree species, primarily serves in landscaping. Leaf color is crucial for its ornamental appeal, undergoing a transformation to red that enhances the ornamental value of C. camphora . However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this transformation remain largely unexplored. In this study, green leaf (GL), color turning red leaf (RL) and whole red leaf (WRL) were obtained to measure pigment contents, while GL and RL were analyzed for transcriptomic alterations. A decline in chlorophyll content and a rise in anthocyanins were observed during the transition from green to red leaves. Using LC MS/MS, 11 types of anthocyanins showed significant accumulative differences, with cyanidin-3,5- O -diglucoside exhibiting the greatest disparity. Comparative RNA-seq identified 22,948 genes against reference genes, revealing 544 novel genes. Of these, 3,222 genes were up-regulated and 7,391 genes were down-regulated when the FPKM mean value > 1 in at least one group. The ribosome was identified as the most abundant KEGG term, with a substantial number of down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The results indicated a downward trend in protein content, with GL exhibiting the highest protein concentration. 22, 4, and 29 DEGs were associated with chlorophyll biosynthesis, chlorophyll degradation, and anthocyanin biosynthesis, respectively. Most DEGs related to chlorophyll biosynthesis were down-regulated. SGR and SGRL , which are associated with chlorophyll degradation, exhibited opposite differential expression, resulting in a significant decrease in chlorophyll content in RL. The significantly up-regulated genes ANS and UFGT are advantageous for anthocyanin biosynthesis, contributing to the red coloration observed. Additionally, differential expression was noted in 40 R2R3-MYBs. Two MYB90 (Ccam01G003512 and Ccam01G003515) homologs of AtMYB113 were also identified showed high levels of up-regulation in RL. These findings suggest a strong correlation between pigment metabolism and transcriptome data, elucidating the mechanism that leads to the red coloration of leaves in C. camphora .

The C-C σ-bond activation of unstrained cycloketones represents an ingenious and advanced technique in synthetic chemistry, but it remains a challenging area which has been largely underexplored. Herein we report an efficient strategy for the direct C-C cleavage of cyclohexanones and cyclopentanones. The cyclic C-C σ-bond is readily cleaved under mild conditions with the aid of an in situ formed side-chain aryl radical. Density functional theory calculations are carried out to shed light on the unusual regioselectivity of C-C bond cleavage. The reaction affords a variety of structurally diverse 3-coumaranones and indanones that widely exist in natural products and bioactive molecules, illustrating the synthetic value of this method. C-C bond scission of unstrained cycloketones with high regioselectivity is a challenging synthetic task. Here, the authors show a facile C-C cleavage of cyclohexanones and cyclopentanones with unusual selectivity under mild conditions with the aid of an in situ formed side-chain aryl radical.

Background The Alba (Acetylation lowers binding affinity) protein family consists of small, conserved nucleic acid-binding proteins involved in regulating gene expression and stress responses. Although studied in several plants, their roles in legumes remain poorly understood. Characterizing Alba genes in soybean ( Glycine max L. ), a crop highly affected by climate stress, is essential for improving its stress resilience. Results In this study, a total of 15 Glycine max Alba ( GmAlba ) genes were identified, unevenly distributed across 14 chromosomes with varied exon-intron structures and conserved hydrophilic domains. Phylogenetic analysis grouped them into five clades: Groups 1–2 (Rpp25-like) and Groups 3–5 (Rpp20-like), with Group 4 only containing soybean-specific members, indicating functional divergence. Promoter analysis revealed multiple cis-elements related to phytohormone and stress responses. Transcriptomic data showed broad expression across tissues, with GmAlba5 / 6 / 10 highly expressed, especially in reproductive organs. RT-qPCR confirmed differential expression under salt, heat, cold, and ABA treatments, suggesting roles in stress adaptation. Structural modelling revealed protein diversity, while subcellular localization showed nuclear, cytoplasmic, and dual localization patterns, supporting DNA/RNA-related functions. Co-expression network analysis indicated interactions with diverse proteins, highlighting involvement in multiple biological processes. Conclusions This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the GmAlba gene family in soybeans, detailing their phylogeny, structure, and spatiotemporal expression across tissues and stress conditions. These findings lay the groundwork for future research to enhance stress resilience in soybeans.

Seaweed fertilizer, formulated primarily with seaweed extract as its main ingredient, has been extensively studied and found to significantly improve nutrient use efficiency, increase crop yield and quality, and enhance soil properties under field conditions. This growing body of evidence shows that seaweed fertilizer is a suitable option for sustainable agriculture in China. However, a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the overall effects of seaweed fertilizer application in China is lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of relevant studies on the effects of seaweed fertilizers under field conditions in China with MetaWin and SPSS software. Our analysis examined the effects of seaweed fertilizers on crop yield, quality, and growth under different preparation methods, application techniques, and regions. Our results showed that the application of seaweed fertilizer led to a significant average increase in crop yield of 15.17% compared with the control treatments. Root & tuber crops exhibited the most pronounced response, with a yield boost of 21.19%. Moreover, seaweed fertilizer application significantly improved crop quality, with elevations in the sugar-acid ratio (38.32%) vitamin C (18.07%), starch (19.65%), and protein (11.45%). In addition, plant growth parameters such as height, stem thickness, root weight, and leaf area showed significant enhancement with seaweed fertilizer use. The yield-increasing effect of seaweed fertilizers varied depending on their preparation and use method, climate, and soil of application location. Our study provides fundamental reference data for the efficient and scientific application of seaweed fertilizers in agricultural practices.

Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts more than 200 bp in length do not encode proteins. Up to the present, it has been reported that lncRNAs play an essential role in developmental processes through their regulatory functions. However, their characteristics, expression inheritance patterns, and functions in Prunus mume are quite unidentified. Results In this present study, we exposed the specific characters of pistil development process between single pistil cv ‘Qingjia No.2’ (QJN2) and multiple pistils cv ‘Da Yu’ (DY). We found that early October is the key stage for pistil differentiation. The similarity epidermis was observed between two types of pistil. We also further investigated a complete pistil development lncRNA profiles through RNA-seq in Prunus mume . 2572 unique lncRNAs and 24,648 genes mapped to Prunus mume genome, furthermore, 591 novel lncRNAs were predicted. Both unique lncRNAs and novel lncRNAs are shorter in length than the mRNAs, and the overall expression level of lncRNAs was lower than mRNAs in Prunus mume . 186 known lncRNAs, 1638 genes and 89 novel lncRNAs were identified as significant differential expressed in QJN2 compared with DY. We predicted 421 target genes of differentially expressed known lncRNAs (DEKLs) and 254 target genes of differentially expressed novel lncRNAs (DENLs). 153 miRNAs were predicted interacted with 100 DEKLs while 112 miRNAs were predicted interacted with 55 DENLs. Further analysis of the DEKLs showed that the lncRNA of XR_514690.2 down-regulated its target ppe-miR172d, and up-regulated AP2 , respectively. Meanwhile, the other lncRNA of TCONS_00032517 induced cytokinin negative regulator gene A-ARR expression via repressing its target miRNA ppe-miR160a/b in DY. At the same time we found that the A P2 expression was significantly up-regulated by zeatin (ZT) treatment in flower buds. Our experiments suggest that the two lncRNAs of XR_514690.2 and TCONS_00032517 might contribute the formation of multiple pistils in Prunus mume . Conclusion This study shows the first characterization of lncRNAs involved in pistil development and provides new indications to elucidate how lncRNAs and their targets play role in pistil differentiation and flower development in Prunus mume .