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"Xu, Lin"
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Dialogues on the theory and practice of literary translation
\"The book is a collection of the dialogues between Xu Jun, a well-known expert in French literary translation and eminent \"Changjiang\" scholar in translation studies in China, and some celebrated literary translators in contemporary China, some of whom are also literary scholars, linguists, poets, prosers, and editors. It's a fundamental achievement of research on the literary translation in the 20th century in China, involving multiple literary types, such as novels, poetry, dramas, prose, and fairy tales, and multiple languages, such as English, French, German, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and Sanskrit. The dialogues are centered around the fundamental issues in the theory and practice of literary translation, such as the re-creation in literary translation, the relationship between form and content in literary translation, the subjectivity of literary translators, the literary translation standards and principles, the gains and losses in literary translation, the principles and methods of literary criticism, and so on. Those translation experts' experience and multiple strategies not only play an active role in guiding literary translator in practice but also is beneficial to the theoretical development in literary translation. Therefore, the book will contribute to worldwide translation studies and get well recognized by translation studies students, teachers, and scholars in the world\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
SPAmix: a scalable, accurate, and universal analysis framework for large-scale genetic association studies in admixed populations
Background
Inclusion of individuals with diverse or admixed genetic ancestries is crucial to discover novel findings that may be missed by genomics analyses rooted solely in European population.
Results
Here, we present an analysis framework, SPAmix, which is scalable to a large-scale biobank data analysis including hundreds of thousands of admixed individuals and is universally applicable to various types of complex traits including quantitative traits, time-to-event traits, ordinal traits, and longitudinal traits. Since no alternative model is fitted, SPAmix primarily focuses on association p values. For each genetic variant, SPAmix uses genotype data and genetic principal components to estimate individual-specific allele frequency, which is subsequently used to calibrate
p
values via a retrospective analysis. A hybrid strategy including saddlepoint approximation (SPA) can greatly increase the accuracy to analyze rare genetic variants, especially if the phenotypic distribution is unbalanced or extremely unbalanced. We also propose SPAmix
local
to incorporate local ancestry to calculate ancestry-specific
p
values. To maximize the statistical powers, SPAmix
CCT
is proposed to combine the
p
values of SPAmix and SPAmix
local
via Cauchy combination.
Conclusions
The SPAmix-based approaches are more accurate than Tractor to address phenotypic variance heterogeneity among ancestries when analyzing quantitative traits and to address an unbalanced case–control ratio when analyzing binary traits. SPAmix
CCT
is an optimal unified approach for various cross-ancestry genetic architectures. Extensive simulation studies and real data analyses of 369,314 UK Biobank individuals from multiple ancestries demonstrated that SPAmix is scalable and can discover novel hits while controlling type I error rates well.
Journal Article
رحلة إلى الغابة
ذات الرداء الأحمر، التي تشعر دائما بالفضول تجاه العالم، تريد زيارة جدتها عبر الغابة بمفردها. لكنها لا تستطيع رؤية طريقها، ما هي الصعوبات التي ستواجهها ؟ كيف يمكنها مواجهة الذئب الكبير بمفردها في الغابة ؟ في طريقها، تلتقي بأرنب وقنفذ وظربان. تتعلم استخدام مشاعرها لإدراك العالم، وشجاعتها وحكمتها لإنقاذ نفسها من المخاطر. والمثير للدهشة أن الذئب الكبير في عينيها لطيف جدا، لم يأكل الذئب السيئ الكبير ذات الرداء الأحمر هذه المرة فحسب، بل ساعد أيضا ذو الرداء الأحمر الصغير في الوصول إلى منزل جدته.
Book
Transcription Factors WOX11/12 Directly Activate WOX5/7 to Promote Root Primordia Initiation and Organogenesis
De novo organogenesis, which gives rise to adventitious roots and shoots, is a type of plant regeneration for survival after wounding. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), two main cell fate transition steps are required to establish the root primordium during de novo root organogenesis from leaf explants. The first step from regeneration-competent cells to root founder cells involves activation of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX11 (WOX11) and WOX12 (WOX11/12) expression by auxin. However, the molecular mechanism controlling the second step of fate transition from root founder cells to root primordium is poorly understood. In this study, we show that the expression levels of WOX11/12 decrease while those of WOX5 and 7 (WOX5/7) increase during the transition from root founder cells to the root primordium. WOX11/12 function genetically upstream of WOX5/7, and the WOX11/12 proteins directly bind to the promoters of WOX5/7 to activate their transcription. Mutations in WOX5/7 result in defective primordium formation. Overall, our data indicate that the expression switch from WOX11/12 to WOX5/7 is critical for initiation of the root primordium during de novo root organogenesis.
Journal Article
Dynamically Encircling Exceptional Points: In situ Control of Encircling Loops and the Role of the Starting Point
The most intriguing properties of non-Hermitian systems are found near the exceptional points (EPs) at which the Hamiltonian matrix becomes defective. Because of the complex topological structure of the energy Riemann surfaces close to an EP and the breakdown of the adiabatic theorem due to non-Hermiticity, the state evolution in non-Hermitian systems is much more complex than that in Hermitian systems. For example, recent experimental work [Doppler et al., Nature (London) 537, 76 (2016)] demonstrated that dynamically encircling an EP can lead to chiral behaviors; i.e., encircling an EP in different directions results in different output states. Here, we propose a coupled ferromagnetic waveguide system that carries two EPs and design an experimental setup in which the trajectory of state evolution can be controlled in situ using a tunable external field, allowing us to dynamically encircle zero, one, or even two EPs experimentally. The tunability allows us to control the trajectory of encircling in the parameter space, including the size of the encircling loop and the starting/end point. We discovered that whether or not the dynamics is chiral actually depends on the starting point of the loop. In particular, dynamically encircling an EP with a starting point in the parity-time-broken phase results in nonchiral behaviors such that the output state is the same no matter which direction the encircling takes. The proposed system is a useful platform to explore the topology of energy surfaces and the dynamics of state evolution in non-Hermitian systems and will likely find applications in mode switching controlled with external parameters.
Journal Article
Developing Biostimulants From Agro-Food and Industrial By-Products
In modern agriculture, seeking eco-friendly ways to promote plant growth and enhance crop productivity is of priority. Biostimulants are a group of substances from natural origin that contribute to boosting plant yield and nutrient uptake, while reducing the dependency on chemical fertilizers. Developing biostimulants from by-products paves the path to waste recycling and reduction, generating benefits for growers, food industry, registration and distribution companies, as well as consumers. The criteria to select designated by-products for valorizing as biostimulant are: absence of pesticide residue, low cost of collection and storage, sufficient supply and synergy with other valorization paths. Over the years, projects on national and international levels such as NOSHAN, SUNNIVA, and Bio2Bio have been initiated (i) to explore valorization of by-products for food and agriculture industries; (ii) to investigate mode of action of biostimulants from organic waste streams. Several classes of waste-derived biostimulants or raw organic material with biostimulant components were shown to be effective in agriculture and horticulture, including vermicompost, composted urban waste, sewage sludge, protein hydrolysate, and chitin/chitosan derivatives. As the global market for biostimulants continues to rise, it is expected that more research and development will expand the list of biostimulants from by-products. Global nutrient imbalance also requires biostimulant to be developed for targeted market. Here, we review examples of biostimulants derived from agricultural by-products and discuss why agricultural biomass is a particularly valuable source for the development of new agrochemical products.
Journal Article
Dynamically encircling an exceptional point in anti-parity-time symmetric systems: asymmetric mode switching for symmetry-broken modes
Dynamically encircling an exceptional point (EP) in parity-time (PT) symmetric waveguide systems exhibits interesting chiral dynamics that can be applied to asymmetric mode switching for symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. The counterpart symmetry-broken modes (i.e., each eigenmode is localized in one waveguide only), which are more useful for applications such as on-chip optical signal processing, exhibit only non-chiral dynamics and therefore cannot be used for asymmetric mode switching. Here, we solve this problem by resorting to anti-parity-time (anti-PT) symmetric systems and utilizing their unique topological structure, which is very different from that of PT-symmetric systems. We find that the dynamical encircling of an EP in anti-PT-symmetric systems with the starting point in the PT-broken phase results in chiral dynamics. As a result, symmetry-broken modes can be used for asymmetric mode switching, which is a phenomenon and application unique to anti-PT-symmetric systems. We perform experiments to demonstrate the new wave-manipulation scheme, which may pave the way towards designing on-chip optical systems with novel functionalities.
Journal Article
Different rates of pollen and seed gene flow cause branch-length and geographic cytonuclear discordance within Asian butternuts
• Topological cytonuclear discordance is commonly observed in plant phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies, yet few studies have attempted to detect two other forms of cytonuclear discordance (branch length and geographical) and to uncover the causes of the discordance.
• We used the whole nuclear and chloroplast genome data from 80 individual Asian butternuts to reveal the pattern and processes of cytonuclear discordance.
• Our findings indicate that the chloroplast genome had substantially deeper divergence (branch-length discordance) and a steeper cline in the contact zone (geographic discordance) compared with the nuclear genome. After various hypothesis have been tested, the results suggest that incomplete lineage sorting, positive selection and cytonuclear incompatibility are probably insufficient to explain this pattern. However, isolation-by-distance analysis and gene flow estimation point to a much higher level of gene flow by pollen compared with by seeds, which may have slowed down lineage divergence and mediated wider contact for nuclear genome compared with the chloroplast genome.
• Altogether, this study highlights a critical role of sex-biased dispersal in causing discordance between the nuclear and plastid genome of Asian butternuts. Given its ubiquity among plants, asymmetric gene flow should be given a high priority in future studies of cytonuclear discordance.
Journal Article
Pluripotency acquisition in the middle cell layer of callus is required for organ regeneration
In plant tissue culture, callus forms from detached explants in response to a high-auxin-to-low-cytokinin ratio on callus-inducing medium. Callus is a group of pluripotent cells because it can regenerate either roots or shoots in response to a low level of auxin on root-inducing medium or a high-cytokinin-to-low-auxin ratio on shoot-inducing medium, respectively
1
. However, our knowledge of the mechanism of pluripotency acquisition during callus formation is limited. On the basis of analyses at the single-cell level, we show that the tissue structure of
Arabidopsis thaliana
callus on callus-inducing medium is similar to that of the root primordium or root apical meristem, and the middle cell layer with quiescent centre-like transcriptional identity exhibits the ability to regenerate organs. In the middle cell layer, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 (WOX5) directly interacts with PLETHORA1 and 2 to promote
TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1
expression for endogenous auxin production. WOX5 also interacts with the B-type ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR12 (ARR12) and represses A-type
ARR
s to break the negative feedback loop in cytokinin signalling. Overall, the promotion of auxin production and the enhancement of cytokinin sensitivity are both required for pluripotency acquisition in the middle cell layer of callus for organ regeneration.
Single-cell profiling of callus from hypocotyl explants shows the heterogeneity of this tissue and identifies gene networks needed for plant regeneration, in particular the essential roles of WOX5 and WOX7 in this biological process.
Journal Article
The progression of inorganic nanoparticles and natural products for inflammatory bowel disease
There is a growing body of evidence indicating a close association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and disrupted intestinal homeostasis. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), along with an increase in M1 proinflammatory macrophage infiltration during the activation of intestinal inflammation, plays a pivotal role in disrupting intestinal homeostasis in IBD. The overabundance of ROS/RNS can cause intestinal tissue damage and the disruption of crucial gut proteins, which ultimately compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. The proliferation of M1 macrophages contributes to an exaggerated immune response, further compromising the intestinal immune barrier. Currently, intestinal nanomaterials have gained widespread attention in the context of IBD due to their notable characteristics, including the ability to specifically target regions of interest, clear excess ROS/RNS, and mimic biological enzymes. In this review, we initially elucidated the gut microenvironment in IBD. Subsequently, we delineate therapeutic strategies involving two distinct types of nanomedicine, namely inorganic nanoparticles and natural product nanomaterials. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the promising prospects associated with the application of nanomedicine in future clinical settings for the treatment of IBD (graphic abstract).
Graphical Abstract
Different classes of nanomedicine are used to treat IBD. This review primarily elucidates the current etiology of inflammatory bowel disease and explores two prominent nanomaterial-based therapeutic approaches. First, it aims to eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Second, they focus on modulating the polarization of inflammatory macrophages and reducing the proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Additionally, this article delves into the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease using inorganic metal nanomaterials and natural product nanomaterials
Journal Article