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The escalating demand for cobalt in modern industry necessitates the recycling or extraction of this resource for sustainable development. Despite the abundance of lignin in nature, its utilization remains low, highlighting the need to enhance its value-added potential. This study focuses on the synthesis of quaternary ammonium lignin (QAL) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507) as ionic liquid (QP–IL) compounds for the extraction of metal ions. A comparison of the extraction behavior of Co(II) and Ni(II) from chloride solution between QP–IL and P507 revealed varying extraction ratios under different conditions, with QP–IL demonstrating a higher cobalt extractability than P507. Furthermore, under identical conditions, QP–IL exhibited superior Co/Ni separation performance (βCo/Ni) compared to P507. Ultimately, QP–IL proved to be more effective than P507 in separating cobalt from mixed solutions.

Phenylarsonic acid compounds, which were widely used in poultry and swine production, are often introduced to agricultural soils with animal wastes. Fenton coagulation process is thought as an efficient method to remove them. However, the substituted amino group could apparently influence the removal efficiency in Fenton coagulation process. Herein, we investigated the optimal conditions to treat typical organoarsenic contaminants ( p -arsanilic acid ( p -ASA) and phenylarsonic acid (PAA)) in aqueous solution based on Fenton coagulation process for oxidizing them and capturing the released inorganic arsenic, and elucidated the influence mechanism of substituted amino group on removal. Results showed that the pH value and the dosage of H 2 O 2 and Fe 2+ significantly influenced the performance of the oxidation and coagulation processes. The optimal conditions for removing 20 mg L -1 -As in this research were 40mg L -1 Fe 2+ and 60mg L -1 H 2 O 2 (the mass ratio of Fe 2+ /H 2 O 2 = 1.5), initial solution pH of 3.0, and final solution pH of 5.0 adjusting after 30-min Fenton oxidation reaction. Meanwhile, the substituted amino group made p -ASA much more easily be attacked by · OH than PAA and supply one more binding sites for forming complexes with Fe 3+ hydrolysates, resulting in 36% higher oxidation rate and 7% better coagulation performance at the optimal conditions.

Hepatic stellate cell is one of the major nonparenchymal cell types in liver. It has been proved the hepatic stellate cells are activated upon liver injury and produce excessive extracellular matrix to induce liver fibrosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing has been introduced to identify the subpopulations and function of hepatic stellate cells for its remarkable resolution of representation of single-cell transcriptome. According to the re-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data and pseudotime trajectory inference, we have found the C-type lectins including Colec10 and Colec11 are not produced by hepatocytes but predominantly produced by hepatic stellate cells, especially quiescent ones in the mice livers. In addition, the expression of Colec10 is decreased in the fibrotic livers of CCl4-challenged mice. COLEC10 is also mainly expressed in the hepatic stellate cells of human livers and the expression of COLEC10 is decreased with the progression of liver fibrosis. The bulk RNA sequencing data of the lentivirus transfected LX-2 cells indicates the function of COLEC10 is associated with inflammation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix alteration. Surprisingly, the in vitro overexpression of COLEC10 in LX-2 cells promotes the mRNA expression of extracellular matrix components including COL1A1, COL1A2 and COL3A1 and the extracellular matrix degradation enzyme MMP2. To further investigate the role of COLEC10 in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, the serum concentration of COLEC10 in patients with chronic liver disease and healthy donors is measured. The serum concentration of COLEC10 is elevated in the patients with chronic liver disease compared to the healthy donors and positively correlated with serum concentration of the D-dimer but not the most of liver function markers. Altogether, we conclude that the C-type lectin COLEC10 is predominantly produced by the hepatic stellate cells and involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.

The escalating demand for cobalt in modern industry necessitates the recycling or extraction of this resource for sustainable development. Despite the abundance of lignin in nature, its utilization remains low, highlighting the need to enhance its value-added potential. This study focuses on the synthesis of quaternary ammonium lignin (QAL) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507) as ionic liquid (QP–IL) compounds for the extraction of metal ions. A comparison of the extraction behavior of Co(II) and Ni(II) from chloride solution between QP–IL and P507 revealed varying extraction ratios under different conditions, with QP–IL demonstrating a higher cobalt extractability than P507. Furthermore, under identical conditions, QP–IL exhibited superior Co/Ni separation performance (βCo/Ni) compared to P507. Ultimately, QP–IL proved to be more effective than P507 in separating cobalt from mixed solutions.

Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors. Hypoxic cancer cells adjust their metabolic characteristics to regulate the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitate ROS-mediated metastasis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the transcription of fatty acid metabolism-related genes that have a key role in the survival and proliferation function of hypoxic cancer cells. In the present study, mRNA expression in HepG2 cells under chemically induced hypoxia was assessed. The protein expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were measured using western blotting. Following treatment with the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, whilst cell proliferation and death were determined using 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation staining, and calcein-acetoxymethyl ester and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Cellular ROS production was assessed using dihydroethidium staining. Cobalt chloride was used to induce hypoxia in HepG2 cells, which was evaluated using HIF-1α expression. The results revealed that the mRNA expression of PPARγ, CD36, acetyl-co-enzyme A dehydrogenase (ACAD) medium chain (ACADM) and ACAD short-chain (ACADS) was downregulated in hypoxic HepG2 cells. The PPARγ agonist pioglitazone decreased the cell viability of hypoxic HepG2 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death. Following treatment with the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, hypoxic HepG2 cells produced excessive ROS. ROS-mediated cell death induced by the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone was rescued with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The downregulated mRNA expression of PPARγ, CD36, ACADM and ACADS was not reverted by a PPARγ agonist in hypoxic HepG2 cells. By contrast, the PPARγ agonist suppressed the mRNA expression of BCL2, which was upregulated in hypoxic HepG2 cells. In summary, the PPARγ agonist stimulated excessive ROS production to inhibit cell proliferation and increase the death of hypoxic HepG2 cells by decreasing BCL2 mRNA expression, suggesting a negative association between PPARγ and BCL2 in the regulation of ROS production in hypoxic HepG2 cells.

Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors. Hypoxic cancer cells adjust their metabolic characteristics to regulate the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitate ROS-mediated metastasis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [gamma] (PPAR[gamma]) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the transcription of fatty acid metabolism-related genes that have a key role in the survival and proliferation function of hypoxic cancer cells. In the present study, mRNA expression in HepG2 cells under chemically induced hypoxia was assessed. The protein expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1[alpha] (HIF-l[alpha]) were measured using western blotting. Following treatment with the PPAR[gamma] agonist pioglitazone, cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, whilst cell proliferation and death were determined using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation staining, and calcein-acetoxymethyl ester and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Cellular ROS production was assessed using dihydroethidium staining. Cobalt chloride was used to induce hypoxia in HepG2 cells, which was evaluated using HIF-l[alpha] expression. The results revealed that the mRNA expression of PPAR[gamma], CD36, acetyl-co-enzyme A dehydrogenase (ACAD) medium chain (ACADM) and ACAD short-chain (ACADS) was downregulated in hypoxic HepG2 cells. The PPAR[gamma] agonist pioglitazone decreased the cell viability of hypoxic HepG2 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death. Following treatment with the PPAR[gamma] agonist pioglitazone, hypoxic HepG2 cells produced excessive ROS. ROS-mediated cell death induced by the PPAR[gamma] agonist pioglitazone was rescued with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The downregulated mRNA expression of PPAR[gamma], CD36, ACADM and ACADS was not reverted by a PPAR[gamma] agonist in hypoxic HepG2 cells. By contrast, the PPAR[gamma] agonist suppressed the mRNA expression of BCL2, which was upregulated in hypoxic HepG2 cells. In summary, the PPAR[gamma] agonist stimulated excessive ROS production to inhibit cell proliferation and increase the death of hypoxic HepG2 cells by decreasing BCL2 mRNA expression, suggesting a negative association between PPAR[gamma] and BCL2 in the regulation of ROS production in hypoxic HepG2 cells. Key words: hypoxia, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [gamma], reactive oxygen species, HepG2, oxidative stress

Chemoresistance is a major factor contributing to the failure of cancer treatment. The conventional chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used for cancer treatment for decades. However, its use is limited in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to acquired resistance. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is known to be associated with drug resistance across a wide range of cancer types. Also, since arsenic trioxide (As O ) showed antitumor effects on HCC, the purpose of this study was to determine whether As O and Nrf2-siRNA could inhibit HCC synergistically. We generated two separate 5-FU-resistant HCC cell lines (SNU-387/5-FU and Hep3B/5-FU). Western blotting was used to determine protein levels. An efficient lentiviral delivery system was used to establish stable knockdown or overexpression of Nrf2 and HIF-1α. In vitro and in vivo analyses of the effects of Nrf2 gene knockdown and As O on 5-FU-resistant HCC cells were conducted. The expression of Nrf2 was higher in the 5-FU-resistant HCC cell lines than in the parental cell lines. When coupled with Nrf2 knockdown, As O treatment significantly decreased 5-FU-resistant SNU-387 and Hep3B cell viability, migration, and invasion, inactivated HIF-1α/HSP70 signaling, inhibited anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) activity, and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) along with caspase-3. The synergistic effect was also confirmed using a 5-FU-resistant Hep3B mouse xenograft model in vivo. Nrf2 knockdown could improve the effect of As O on reversing drug resistance in 5-FU-resistant HCC cells.

Purpose: Chemoresistance is a major factor contributing to the failure of cancer treatment. The conventional chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used for cancer treatment for decades. However, its use is limited in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to acquired resistance. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is known to be associated with drug resistance across a wide range of cancer types. Also, since arsenic trioxide (As2O3) showed antitumor effects on HCC, the purpose of this study was to determine whether As2O3 and Nrf2-siRNA could inhibit HCC synergistically. Methods: We generated two separate 5-FU-resistant HCC cell lines (SNU-387/5-FU and Hep3B/5-FU). Western blotting was used to determine protein levels. An efficient lentiviral delivery system was used to establish stable knockdown or overexpression of Nrf2 and HIF-1α. In vitro and in vivo analyses of the effects of Nrf2 gene knockdown and As2O3 on 5-FU-resistant HCC cells were conducted. Results: The expression of Nrf2 was higher in the 5-FU-resistant HCC cell lines than in the parental cell lines. When coupled with Nrf2 knockdown, As2O3 treatment significantly decreased 5-FU-resistant SNU-387 and Hep3B cell viability, migration, and invasion, inactivated HIF-1α/HSP70 signaling, inhibited anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) activity, and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) along with caspase-3. The synergistic effect was also confirmed using a 5-FU-resistant Hep3B mouse xenograft model in vivo. Conclusion: Nrf2 knockdown could improve the effect of As2O3 on reversing drug resistance in 5-FU-resistant HCC cells.

目的 分析在载药栓塞微球经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(DTACE)联合阿帕替尼治疗不可切除肝癌后，二线追加卡瑞利珠单抗的安全性和有效性。 方法 回顾性分析2019年12月—2020年12月于郑州大学第一附属医院就诊的89例二线追加卡瑞利珠单抗的肝癌患者资料。主要观察终点是使用卡瑞利珠单抗后总生存期(OS)和无进展生存期(PFS)，次要终点包括客观缓解率(ORR)、疾病控制率(DCR)和治疗相关不良事件(TRAE)。采用Kaplan-Meier法估算生存曲线，基线特征亚组分层分析采用Log-rank检验进行比较，分析影响患者预后的相关因素。 结果 本研究共筛选并随访了89例患者。随访至2021年12月，中位随访时间为16个月，中位OS为17.0(95%CI：15.3~18.7)个月，中位PFS为7.0(95%CI：6.2~7.8)个月。不同ECOG-PS、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、门静脉侵犯、进展模式、DTACE次数、口服阿帕替尼时长和应用卡瑞利珠单抗时长的患者OS及PFS之间差异具有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。应用卡瑞利珠单抗后3个月与6个月ORR分别为39.3%和22.4%，DCR分别为80.9%和54.1%。Log-rank检验单因素分析结果表明：DTACE次数为3~4、1~2比0次的患者显著改善中位OS [22.0 (95%CI：21.1~22.9)个月vs 17.0 (95%CI：15.8~18.2)个月vs 10.0 (95%CI：7.0~13.0)个月, χ2=31.423，P＜0.001]与PFS [10.0 (95%CI：7.0~13.0)个月vs 7.0(95%CI：6.2~7.8)个月vs 3.0 (95%CI：1.9~4.1)个月, χ2=20.741，P＜0.001]; 阿帕替尼应用时长＞4个月比≤4个月的患者显著改善中位OS [21.0 (95%CI：19.1~22.9) 个月vs 14.0(95%CI：10.4~17.6)个月, χ2=19.399，P＜0.001]与PFS [9.0 (95%CI：7.3~10.7)个月vs 5.0 (95%CI：4.0~6.0)个月, χ2=27.733，P＜0.001]; 卡瑞利珠单抗应用时长＞5个月比≤5个月的患者显著改善中位OS [22.0(95%CI：20.2~23.8)个月vs 13.0(95%CI：9.3~16.7)个月, χ2=22.3

Interactions with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are integral to RNA function and cellular regulation, and dynamically reflect specific cellular conditions. However, presently available tools for predicting RBP–RNA interactions employ RNA sequence and/or predicted RNA structures, and therefore do not capture their condition-dependent nature. Here, after profiling transcriptome-wide in vivo RNA secondary structures in seven cell types, we developed PrismNet, a deep learning tool that integrates experimental in vivo RNA structure data and RBP binding data for matched cells to accurately predict dynamic RBP binding in various cellular conditions. PrismNet results for 168 RBPs support its utility for both understanding CLIP-seq results and largely extending such interaction data to accurately analyze additional cell types. Further, PrismNet employs an “attention” strategy to computationally identify exact RBP-binding nucleotides, and we discovered enrichment among dynamic RBP-binding sites for structure-changing variants (riboSNitches), which can link genetic diseases with dysregulated RBP bindings. Our rich profiling data and deep learning-based prediction tool provide access to a previously inaccessible layer of cell-type-specific RBP–RNA interactions, with clear utility for understanding and treating human diseases.