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Background/Objectives: This study aimed to develop a new attenuated live mumps vaccine strain and determine its biological properties and effectiveness. Methods: Plaque purification and amplification were performed in chicken embryo cells. Candidate live attenuated mumps MuV-365 strain sequencing was performed. After evaluating the potential neurotoxicity of the MuV-365 mumps strain, a preclinical safety evaluation of measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) live attenuated vaccine containing the MuV-365 strain was performed to support the registration and application of the MMR vaccine. Finally, mumps neutralization antibody titers and the concentration of anti-serum mumps-specific IgG were determined to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of the MuV-365 strain and MMR vaccine in mice and rhesus monkeys. Results: The plaque of the PL-KUM main seed virus was screened, and strains whose sequences were highly homologous to RIT4385 (JL-5 derived) were selected to amplify. The candidate live attenuated mumps MuV-365 strain was then developed. Safety evaluation results indicated that the MuV-365 strain had no potential neurotoxicity, and the MMR vaccine containing the MuV-365 strain also showed no significant safety hazard. The immunogenicity of MuV-365 strain in BALB/c mice was not inferior to S79 and PL-KUM. After two doses of the MuV-365 strain, the concentration of anti-serum mumps-specific IgG of the MuV-365 strain was significantly higher than that of the S79 strain (p < 0.01). In rhesus monkeys, the MMR vaccine had good immunogenicity against measles and rubella after one dose, while immunogenicity against mumps improved after two doses. Conclusions: The developed MuV-365 strain was genetically stable, with adequate safety and immunogenicity.

Jacq. is classified under the Solanaceae family, which is an extensively consumed spice and vegetable globally. Therefore, to gain more knowledge and insight into the diversity of Jacq. metabolites, a total of 18 placental tissues from various development stages were collected and untargeted metabolomics was conducted by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis established the existence of distinct metabolite distribution patterns as observed at 16 days post anthesis (DPA), compared with the metabolites at 36 and 48 DPA groups, whereas there was a difference in metabolites between the orange ripening period (B) and the red ripening period (C), which intersected with each other. Furthermore, several pathways including metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, ABC transporters, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, pentose and glucoronate pathways, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, cutin, biosynthesis of suberine and wax were significantly enriched across the fruit ripening stages. The capsaicin content was observed to be less in the early ripening stages, but gradually increased to a high concentration during the late ripening stages. In conclusion, our study findings submit a suitable approach for interpreting the biochemical variances of non-targeted metabolomics in hot pepper developmental stages, as well as offer new findings that can be applied in the development strategies in breeding of Jacq.

Effective utilization of wild relatives is key to overcoming challenges in genetic improvement of cultivated tomato, which has a narrow genetic basis; however, current efforts to decipher high-quality genomes for tomato wild species are insufficient. Here, we report chromosome-scale tomato genomes from nine wild species and two cultivated accessions, representative of Solanum section Lycopersicon , the tomato clade. Together with two previously released genomes, we elucidate the phylogeny of Lycopersicon and construct a section-wide gene repertoire. We reveal the landscape of structural variants and provide entry to the genomic diversity among tomato wild relatives, enabling the discovery of a wild tomato gene with the potential to increase yields of modern cultivated tomatoes. Construction of a graph-based genome enables structural-variant-based genome-wide association studies, identifying numerous signals associated with tomato flavor-related traits and fruit metabolites. The tomato super-pangenome resources will expedite biological studies and breeding of this globally important crop. A tomato super-pangenome constructed using chromosome-scale genomes of nine wild species and two cultivated accessions highlights genomic diversity and structural variation across wild and cultivated tomatoes.

Quickly and precisely gain genetically enhanced breeding elites with value-adding performance traits is desired by the crop breeders all the time. The present of gene editing technologies, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system with the capacities of efficiency, versatility and multiplexing provides a reasonable expectation towards breeding goals. For exploiting possible application to accelerate the speed of process at breeding by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, in this study, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system transformation method was used for obtaining tomato ALC gene mutagenesis and replacement, in absence and presence of the homologous repair template. The average mutation frequency (72.73%) and low replacement efficiency (7.69%) were achieved in T 0 transgenic plants respectively. None of homozygous mutation was detected in T 0 transgenic plants, but one plant carry the heterozygous genes ( Cas9 / * - ALC / alc ) was stably transmitted to T 1 generations for segregation and genotyping. Finally, the desired alc homozygous mutants without T-DNA insertion (*/*- alc / alc ) in T 1 generations were acquired and further confirmed by genotype and phenotype characterization, with highlight of excellent storage performance, thus the recessive homozygous breeding elites with the character of long-shelf life were generated. Our results support that CRISPR/Cas9-induced gene replacement via HDR provides a valuable method for breeding elite innovation in tomato.

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of plants, including tomato, faces challenges related to genotype variability and regeneration rates. Research suggests that growth-regulating factors (GRFs) and their interacting factors (GIFs) are key to enhancing transformation and regeneration in various plant species. However, their specific effects on tomato remain underexplored. In this study, we identified and analyzed 11 SlGRF homologous genes in tomato and validated the interaction between SlGRF4 and SlGIF1. In addition, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the RUBY visual marker system in tomato transgenic research. Developmental regulators significantly influenced callus transformation and shoot regeneration rates across three tomato genotypes, with the SlGRF4-GIF1 combination providing the most consistent enhancement in both processes. These findings hold promise for tomato improvement via genome editing.

Background Bread wheat is one of the most important and broadly studied crops. However, due to the complexity of its genome and incomplete genome collection of wild populations, the bread wheat genome landscape and domestication history remain elusive. Results By investigating the whole-genome resequencing data of 93 accessions from worldwide populations of bread wheat and its diploid and tetraploid progenitors, together with 90 published exome-capture data, we find that the B subgenome has more variations than A and D subgenomes, including SNPs and deletions. Population genetics analyses support a monophyletic origin of domesticated wheat from wild emmer in northern Levant, with substantial introgressed genomic fragments from southern Levant. Southern Levant contributes more than 676 Mb in AB subgenomes and enriched in the pericentromeric regions. The AB subgenome introgression happens at the early stage of wheat speciation and partially contributes to their greater genetic diversity. Furthermore, we detect massive alien introgressions that originated from distant species through natural and artificial hybridizations, resulting in the reintroduction of ~ 709 Mb and ~ 1577 Mb sequences into bread wheat landraces and varieties, respectively. A large fraction of these intra- and inter-introgression fragments are associated with quantitative trait loci of important traits, and selection events are also identified. Conclusion We reveal the significance of multiple introgressions from distant wild populations and alien species in shaping the genetic components of bread wheat, and provide important resources and new perspectives for future wheat breeding.

Spatiotemporal coordination of cellular and molecular events is crucial for cell fate commitment during mouse gastrulation. However, the high-precision mechanisms governing the timing and spatial dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we present a time-series single-cell multi-omic dataset of the gastrulating mouse embryos and construct a hierarchical gene regulatory landscape. Integrating this with real three-dimensional transcriptomic coordinate, we created ST-MAGIC and ST-MAGIC (+) atlas, dissecting the spatiotemporal logics of regulatory networks and signaling responsiveness underpinning the lineage commitment at gastrulation. Specifically, we delineated the multi-omic basis for left-right symmetry breaking events in the gastrula and also revealed the spatiotemporal molecular relay for axial mesendoderm lineage, where early and intermediate transcription factors first open the chromatin regions and setup the responsiveness to signaling, followed by terminal factors to consolidate the transcriptomic architecture. In summary, our study presents a spatiotemporal regulatory logic framework of mouse gastrulation for advancing our understanding of mammalian embryogenesis. Spatiotemporal coordination of cellular and molecular events is crucial for cell fate commitment. Here, Yang et al. describe how transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenomic states regulate left-right patterning and axial mesendoderm lineage commitment during mouse gastrulation.

Spatially resolved transcriptomic technologies have emerged as pivotal tools for elucidating molecular regulation and cellular interplay within the intricate tissue microenvironment, but hampered by insufficient gene recovery or challenges in achieving intact single-cell resolution. Here, we develop Cellular Mapping of Attributes with Position (CMAP), a method that efficiently maps large-scale individual cells to their precise spatial locations by integrating single-cell and spatial data through a divide­-and-­conquer strategy. Analysis of both simulated and real datasets shows that CMAP performs effectively and is adaptable across diverse data types and sequencing platforms. Particularly, CMAP handles scenarios well where discrepancies exist between single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data. Our findings underscore CMAP’s capacity to endow single-cells with exact spatial coordinates, facilitating the dissection of nuanced spatial-organ-specific endothelial cell heterogeneity, as well as the intricate cancer immune microenvironments that elude conventional single-cell or spatial data analysis. CMAP is a method that maps large-scale individual cells to their precise spatial locations by integrating single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data through a divide-and-conquer strategy, supporting diverse data types and mapping scenarios.

Improving wheat drought resilience and water use efficiency (WUE) is critical for sustaining productivity under increasing water scarcity. Here, we integrate genome-wide association study (GWAS), expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, population-transcriptome analysis, and summary-data-based mendelian randomization (SMR), followed by functional validation using indexed EMS mutants and transgenic lines, to systematically identify key WUE regulators. GWAS across water conditions in 228 accessions identifies 73 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for WUE-traits. Transcriptome profiling of 110 diverse accessions reveals 28 drought-responsive modules. eQTL mapping uncovers 146,966 regulatory variants, including condition-specific hotspots associated with key drought-related pathways. Integrative analysis underscores 85 high-confidence candidate genes, notably TaMYB7-A1 . Overexpression of TaMYB7-A1 enhances photosynthesis, WUE, root development, and grain yield under drought condition by activating TaPIP2;2-B1 (water transport), TaRD20-D1 (stomatal regulation), and TaABCB4-B1 (root growth), reflecting reduced water loss and improved physiological resilience. Our study presents a comprehensive regulatory map and robust targets for wheat drought adaptation and resilient cultivar breeding. Multi-omics integrating genetic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic variation, coupled with mutant validation, identified 85 high-confidence WUE and drought resilience genes in wheat, with TaMYB7-A1 confirmed as a key regulator.