Explore the vast range of titles available.

In order to improve the weak optical performance of gold nanoparticles and realize the signal amplification of lateral flow chromatography test strips, individual gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were aggregated into gold nanoparticle aggregates through functional groups around polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. A signal-amplified aptamer-based lateral flow chromatography test strip was constructed for the rapid determination of ochratoxin A (OTA). Under optimal conditions, the visual detection limit of this test strip was 0.4 ng mL−1 and the semi-quantitative limit of detection (LOD) was 0.04 ng mL−1. Compared with other traditional aptamer lateral flow chromatography test strips, its sensitivity was improved about five times. The whole test could be completed within 15 min. The aptamer-based strip was applied to the detection of OTA in red wine; the average recoveries ranged from 93% to 105.8% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) varying from 3% to 8%, indicating that the test strip may be a potentially effective tool for the on-site detection of OTA.

Using 51 models of the AMIP and historical experiments of CMIP6, we investigate the inter‐model diversity of atmospheric and coupled models in the strength of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR)–El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) relationship. In atmospheric models, the Walker Circulation (WC) intensity associated with the western Pacific convective activity is most responsible for the inter‐model diversity. Models with strong WC have a strong ISMR–ENSO relationship via enhancing ENSO‐induced anomalies of the WC and monsoon circulation. The secondary source is the monsoon circulation differences associated with meridional rainfall contrast over the Indian monsoon region. In coupled models, the primary (secondary) source is the ENSO amplitude (WC intensity). In observation, the decadal variation of WC can also explain the changes in the ISMR–ENSO relationship. This study provides a basis for improving the model performance and advances our understanding of the observed ISMR–ENSO relationship changes. Plain Language Summary Numerical simulation using climate models is an important method in climate research. The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) prediction is based primarily on the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, the strength of the ISMR–ENSO relationship simulated by the current climate models is too diverse, which restricts the overall simulation and prediction of the ISMR by models. This study explores the main factors leading to the model diversity in the strength of the ISMR–ENSO relationship and finds that the simulated intensity of the mean state of the convective activity over the western Pacific is most responsible for the model diversity in the strength of the ISMR–ENSO relationship. Atmospheric models with more vigorous convection over the western Pacific tend to simulate a stronger ISMR–ENSO relationship. These results suggest that improving the simulation of the western Pacific convection in atmospheric models is key to improving the model performance for the ISMR–ENSO relationship simulation and ISMR prediction. Key Points In atmospheric models, the primary source of model diversity is the intensity of convective activity in the western Pacific The secondary source of atmospheric model diversity is the strength of monsoon circulation related to meridional rainfall contrast In coupled models, the primary (secondary) source of model diversity is the ENSO amplitude (Walker circulation)

Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can improve limb perfusion and increase vessel density in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. But low engraftment rate of those cells limited their therapeutic effect. Endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in neovascularization. And MSCs can differentiate into ECs in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate if EC differentiation of MSCs in vitro before transplantation is effective in improving therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of ischemic disease in a murine ischemia animal model. Methods MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of EGFP-transgenic mice by density gradient centrifugation. The identity of the MSCs was determined by their cluster of differentiation (CD) marker profile by flow cytometry. Inducing medium containing a few cytokines was applied to induce the MSCs to differentiate into ECs. Endothelial differentiation was quantitatively evaluated using flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence, Matrigel tube formation assay, and Dil-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake assay. Mouse hindlimb ischemia model was made by excision of the femoral artery. Uninduced EGFP+ MSCs, induced EGFP+ MSCs, and PBS were intramuscularly injected into the gastrocnemius following ischemia no later than 24 h after operation. Restoration of blood flow and muscle function was evaluated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Immunofluorescence was conducted to evaluate the engraftment of transplanted MSCs. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate blood vessel formation. Results Induced EGFP+ MSCs expressed endothelial markers and exhibited tube formation capacity. Mice in the induced EGFP+ MSCs group had a better blood perfusion recovery, enhanced vessel densities, higher engraftment, and improved function of the ischemic limb than those in the uninduced EGFP+ MSCs or PBS groups. Conclusions This study reveals that after short-term pre-treatment in the EC-inducing medium, induced MSCs acquire stronger vessel formation capability and enhanced angiogenic therapeutic effect in the murine hindlimb ischemia model.

Transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and large scale chromatin re-organization underlie progressive, irreversible cell lineage commitments and differentiation. We know little, however, about chromatin changes as cells enter transient, reversible states such as migration. Here we demonstrate that when human progenitor keratinocytes either differentiate or migrate they form complements of typical enhancers and super-enhancers that are unique for each state. Unique super-enhancers for each cellular state link to gene expression that confers functions associated with the respective cell state. These super-enhancers are also enriched for skin disease sequence variants. GRHL3, a transcription factor that promotes both differentiation and migration, binds preferentially to super-enhancers in differentiating keratinocytes, while during migration, it binds preferentially to promoters along with REST, repressing the expression of migration inhibitors. Key epidermal differentiation transcription factor genes, including GRHL3, are located within super-enhancers, and many of these transcription factors in turn bind to and regulate super-enhancers. Furthermore, GRHL3 represses the formation of a number of progenitor and non-keratinocyte super-enhancers in differentiating keratinocytes. Hence, chromatin relocates GRHL3 binding and enhancers to regulate both the irreversible commitment of progenitor keratinocytes to differentiation and their reversible transition to migration.

Faultlines are inherent to many workgroups, but the literature has not fully explained what faultlines mean for team functioning. In this study, we investigate the curvilinear relationship between faultlines and team performance from a cross-categorization perspective. Analyses of multisource data obtained from 61 workgroups located in China support an inverted U-shaped relationship between faultlines and team performance. Additionally, we find that this curvilinear relationship is moderated by a team’s climate of psychological safety such that the curvilinear relationship is more pronounced among teams with a weaker psychological safety climate. The findings contribute to elaborating the nature of and advancing a contingency view of the relationship between faultlines and team performance. Theoretical implications are discussed along with possible limitations and directions for future research.

GaN epifilms are grown on the patterned sapphire substrates (PSS) (0001) and the conventional sapphire substrates (CSS) (0001) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using a novel two-step growth. High resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) is used to investigate the threading dislocation (TD) density of the GaN epifilms. The TD density is calculated from the ω-scans full width at half maximum (FWHM) results of HR-XRD. The edge dislocation destiny of GaN grown on the PSS is 2.7×10 8 cm −2 , which is less than on the CSS. This is confirmed by the results of atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement. The lower TD destiny indicates that the crystalline quality of the GaN epifilms grown on the PSS is improved compared to GaN epifilms grown on the CSS. The residual strains of GaN grown on the PSS and CSS are compared by Raman Scattering spectra. It is clearly seen that the residual strain in the GaN grown on PSS is lower than on the CSS.