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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen as a global concern in recent decades. Plant extracts used in combination with antibiotics are promising against AMR, synergistically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the component of the bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) extract in different solvents using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in addition to evaluate the antibacterial activity of these extracts, in combination with their antibiotic potential against four multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). Ethanol and the aqueous extracts of bitter ginger were prepared using a conventional solvent extraction method and were evaluated for their phytochemistry using HPLC, qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, the antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic isolates was determined. A disc diffusion assay was used to obtain the antimicrobial potential of the extracts alone and with antibiotics. Eight components were identified from the separation of the bitter ginger extract by HPLC. For AMR bacteria, the combination of the antibiotic solution with the bitter ginger crude extracts could improve its susceptibility of these antibiotics. This study indicates that the combination of an antibiotic solution with the bitter ginger crude extract exhibits potent antibacterial activities against MDR bacterial strains. Therefore, they can be used for the treatment of various diseases against the microbial pathogen and can be incorporated into medication for antibacterial therapy.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is one of the members of ESKAPE bacteria which is considered multidrug resistant globally. The objective of this study is to determine the protein docking of different antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) in A. baumannii . In silico analysis of antibiotic resistance genes against carbapenem are the blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-143, NMD-1 and IMP-1 in A. baumannii . The doripenem, imipenem and meropenem were docked to blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23 using PyRx. The top docking energy was -5.5 kcal/mol by imipenem and doripenem and meropenem showed a binding score of -5. 2 kcal/mol each and blaOXA-23 energy was -4.3 kcal/mol by imipenem and meropenem showed a binding score of -2.3 kcal/mol, while doripenem showed the binding score of -3.4 kcal/mol. Similarly, doripenem imipenem and meropenem were docked to blaOXA-58, IMP-1, Rec A and blaOXA-143, with docking energy was -8.8 kcal/mol by doripenem and meropenem each while imipenem showed a binding score of -4.2 kcal/mol and with IMP-1 demonstrated their binding energies. was -5.7 kcal/mol by meropenem and doripenem showed a binding score of -5.3 kcal/mol, while imipenem showed a binding score of -4.5 kcal/mol. And docking energy was -4.9 kcal/mol by imipenem and meropenem showed binding energy of -3.6 kcal/mol each while doripenem showed a binding score of -3.9 kcal/mol in RecA and with blaOXA-143 docking energy was -3.0 kcal/mol by imipenem and meropenem showed a binding score of -1.9 kcal/mol, while doripenem showed the binding score of -2.5 kcal/mol respectively. Doripenem, imipenem, and meropenem docking findings with blaOXA-24 confirmed their binding energies. Doripenem had the highest docking energy of -5.5 kcal/mol, meropenem had a binding score of -4.0 kcal/mol, and imipenem had a binding score of -3.9 kcal/mol. PyRx was used to dock the doripenem, imipenem, and meropenem to NMD-1. Docking energies for doripenem were all – 4.0 kcal/mol, whereas meropenem had docking energy of -3.3 kcal/mol and imipenem was -1.50 kcal/mol. To the best of our knowledge the underlying mechanism of phenotypic with genotypic resistance molecular docking regarding carbapenem resistance A. baumannii is unclear. Our molecular docking finds the possible protein targeting mechanism for carbapenem-resistant A.baumannii . 

Antibiotic resistance rate is rising worldwide. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potent for fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), independently or synergistically. The purpose of this study was to prepare AgNPs using wild ginger extracts and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of these AgNPs against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. AgNPs were synthesized using wild ginger extracts at room temperature through different parameters for optimization, i.e., pH and variable molar concentration. Synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy and further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDXA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Disc and agar well diffusion techniques were utilized to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of plant extracts and AgNPs. The surface plasmon resonance peaks in absorption spectra for silver suspension showed the absorption maxima in the range of 400–420 nm. Functional biomolecules such as N–H, C–H, O–H, C–O, and C–O–C were present in Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) (aqueous and organic extracts) responsible for the AgNP formation characterized by FTIR. The crystalline structure of ZZAE-AgCl-NPs and ZZEE-AgCl-NPs was displayed in the XRD analysis. SEM analysis revealed the surface morphology. The EDXA analysis also confirmed the element of silver. It was revealed that AgNPs were seemingly spherical in morphology. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited complete antibacterial activity against the tested MDR bacterial strains. This study indicates that AgNPs of wild ginger extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are the second most prevalent metal oxide, owing to their characteristics of low cost, safe, and easily prepared. ZnO NPs have been found to exhibit unique properties which show their potential to be used in various therapies. Numerous techniques have been devised for the manufacture of zinc oxide because it is one of the nanomaterials that has received major research interest. Mushroom sources are proven to be efficient, ecologically friendly, inexpensive, and safe for humankind. In the current study, an aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Lentinula edodes (L. edoes) was used to synthesize ZnO NPs. The biosynthesis of ZnO NPs was achieved by using the reducing and capping capability of an L. edodes aqueous fraction. Bioactive compounds from mushroom, such as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, are used in the green synthesis process to biologically reduce metal ions or metal oxides to metal NPs. Biogenically synthesized ZnO NPs were further characterized by using UV–Vis, FTIR, HPLC, XRD, SEM, EDX, zeta sizer and zeta potential analyses. The FTIR showed the functional group at the spectra in the range 3550–3200 cm−1 indicated the presence of the hydroxyl (OH) group, while bands in the range 1720–1706 cm−1 indicated C=O carboxylic stretches bonds. Furthermore, the XRD pattern of ZnO NPs created in the current study was found to be nanocrystals which are hexagonal. The SEM analysis of ZnO NPs showed spherical shapes and size distributions in the range 90–148 nm. Biologically synthesized ZnO NPs have substantial biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential. Biological activities showed significant antioxidant (65.7 ± 1.09), antidiabetic (85.18 ± 0.48), and anti-inflammatory potential (86.45 ± 0.60) at 300 µg inhibition in paw inflammation of (1.1 ± 0.06) and yeast-induced pyrexia (97.4 ± 0.51) at 10 mg in a dose-dependent manner. The outcomes of this research indicated that ZnO NPs significantly reduced inflammation and have the ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent protein denaturation, while also indicating their possible use in food and nutraceutical applications to treat various ailments.

Background We aimed to assess the plasma levels of ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) at baseline and their utility as biomarkers to monitor response to treatment in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients. Methods Prospective measurements of ferritin, CRP, and ADA were done in unstimulated plasma samples of 92 EPTB (49 TB lymphadenitis and 43 TB pleuritis) patients registered for anti-TB treatment. Blood samples were taken at the start, 2, and 6 months of treatment, plasma levels of ferritin and CRP were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ADA levels by kinetic chemistry method at each time point. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Non-parametric tests were used for paired analysis and two groups’ comparison. Spearman’s rank test was used for correlation analysis. A Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Before the start of treatment, plasma levels of ferritin were raised in 13% and 45%, CRP in 21% and 64%, and ADA in 70% and 60% of TB lymphadenitis and pleuritis cases respectively. Levels of all three biomarkers with raised values at baseline decreased significantly with treatment at both 2 and 6 months in all patients. [Ferritin (2 months  p  = 0.001, 6 months  p  < 0.001), CRP (2 months  p  < 0.001, 6 months  p  < 0.001), ADA (2 months  p  = 0.039, 6 months  p  < 0.004)]. Plasma levels of ferritin (median 300 ng/ml range = 145–758 ng/ml) and CRP (median 11.73 mg/L, range = 10.45–17.84 mg/L) were significantly higher in TB pleuritis patients, while the levels of ADA were not significantly different among the two groups. Biosignatures generated by different combinations showed that a combination of all three biomarkers could predict treatment response in 83% and 100% of all patients at 2 and 6 months of treatment respectively. Conclusion A combination of serum ferritin, CRP, and ADA shows a promising role in monitoring response to treatment in TB lymphadenitis and TB pleuritis patients. Similar studies in larger cohorts are needed to establish a definite role of these biomarkers in EPTB patients.

Salinity has a negative impact on the agricultural production of crops. It adversely affects the physiochemical properties of the soil and ecological balance of the area. Plant growth-promoting bacteria play a key role in the biological control of phyto-pathogens and abiotic stress including salinity. Four varieties of wheat crop (V1: Akbar 2019, V2: Dilkash 2021, V3: Faisalabad 2008, and V4: Subhani 2020) were compared for their salinity stress tolerance and response towards Bacillus subtilis NA2. A completely randomized design (4 wheat varieties × 3 salt stress levels × 3 replicate × 2 control and bacterial treatments = 72 pots) was adopted using distilled water as a control. Stress negatively affected the plant growth. However, plants primed with Bacillus subtilis NA2 showed improved growth (plant lengths 29.45% and increased biomass 33.23%). Overall, bacterial strain enhanced the levels of carotenoids (45.53%), anthocyanin (32.51%), ascorbic acid (41.53%), total soluble proteins (59.21%), chlorophyll contents (49.65%), and peroxidase activity (31.76%). Levels of malondialdehyde (27.42%) and hydrogen peroxide (20.37%), catalase (16.48%), and ascorbate peroxidase (19.24%) decreased. With commensurable benefits, it can be inferred from the above study that the Bacillus subtilis NA2 strain is beneficial for the better yield of wheat under salinity stress by improving the plant defense mechanism and may be adopted in future by farmers.

Herbal products are preferable to synthetic medicines, and the use of traditional medicines is increasing day-by-day. The current study was designed to evaluate the potentials of bioactive compounds from Citrullus colocynthis by performing FTIR, HPLC, and GC-MS analyses, which explore the good concentration of the secondary metabolites, such as gallic acid (74.854 ppm), vanillic acid (122.616 ppm), and ferulic acid (101.045 ppm) with considerable bioactivities. Antimicrobial protein was estimated by performing SDS-PAGE, ranging from 15 to 70 kDa in all protein fractions. The current study also checked the cytotoxicity of the bioactive compounds in the active fraction of C. colocynthis, and to perform this activity, the groups of rats were arranged with 16 rats randomly divided into four groups (three experimental and one control) by administering various dosage of methanolic fractions in dose-dependent manner. Histopathology was conducted on the livers of the rats after 15 days of sacrifice under deep anesthesia. In liver cell slides examined at the maximum dose of 600 mg/kg, minimal morphological changes, such as slight ballooning, nuclear variation, vacuolar degeneration, and hydropic degeneration, were observed. Furthermore, the in silico analysis identified bioactive compounds as potential drug candidates.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant global concern. To combat this growing threat, various strategies have been employed, including the use of plant extracts and the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The current study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical analysis of ginger ( ) extracts, characterize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to see their antibacterial potentials against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The extracts were prepared and initially assessed for their phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity. Then, AgNPs were synthesized from these extracts at room temperature, and various analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ATIR-FTIR, zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), were used to characterize the NPs. After confirmation of prepared NPs, they were subjected to their antibacterial activity. HPLC analysis demonstrated the presence of eight phytoconstituents in organic ginger extracts. The absorption spectra of the silver suspension exhibited surface plasmon resonance peaks with maxima between 420 and 448 nm. Functional groups like C-H, N-H, OH, C-O-C, C=O, and C-O were identified in both the organic and aqueous extracts of , playing a key role in the formation of AgNPs, as characterized by ATR-FTIR analysis. Both ginger organic and aqueous extract synthesized AgNPs crystalline structure was shown in XRD analysis and the particle size distribution showed average diameter of 200.5 nm of AgNPs from aqueous extracts. Scanning Electron Microscopy displayed spherical structure and EDA results showed the percentage of elements in synthesized AgNPs using plant extracts. Most promising antibacterial activity was obtained against 20.83±0.53 for 100 µg/mL. The results of the current study showed that AgNPs synthesized from different ginger extracts have promising antibacterial properties and can be potential candidates for alternative treatment options for bacterial infections.

Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is declared as crucial level precedence pathogen by World Health Organization that needs new and upgraded antibiotics for better treatment. Against a vast extent of microbes, many silver nanoparticles have displayed anti-microbial activity because of their numerous methods of antimicrobial actions. This study was aimed to isolate and characterize the Acinetobacter baumannii by using standard microbiological technique and to analyze the anti-inflammatory and antagonistic effect of PB capped AgNPs in isolated A . baumannii . In antagonistic activity, PB capped AgNPs showed antagonistic effect in 8 out of 20 isolates tested and PB when combined with AgNPs showed antagonistic effect in all isolates tested. In in-vitro anti-inflammatory egg albumin assay, PB capped AgNPs gave inhibition rate of 96% at 12.5 µg, 93% at 25 µg, 82% at 50 µg and 62% at 100 µg whereas in Polymyxin B combined AgNPs it gave inhibition rate of 97% at the dose of 50 µg. In-silico analysis also showed that PB in combination with tri-sodium citrate gave good binding energy than tri-sodium citrate and Polymyxin used alone. Hence, this study represented that silver nanoparticles when used in combination proved to be a good alternative in the treatment of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii .

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) and Pseudorabies (PR) are highly contagious diseases caused by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Pseudorabies virus (PRV). Due to the limited protective ability of currently commercialized vaccines against NADC30‐like PRRSV and PRV variants, the pathological damage caused by coinfection of these two viruses has a significant impact on China’s pig farming industry. In this study, six recombinant PRV stains with TK and gI/gE deletions and fused expression of GM‐CSF and GP3 and GP5 proteins from NADC30‐Like PRRSV were constructed by using the HDR‐CRISPR/Cas9 D10A system. After assessing growth characteristics and genetic stability, four strains demonstrating stable proliferation and expression of the GM‐CSF, GP3, GP5 fusion protein in BHK‐21 cells were selected. Evaluation of their ability to induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice led to the selection of two strains with superior immunogenic effects: rPRV‐ΔTK‐GP3‐GP5‐eGFP‐ΔgI/gE‐mCHERRY‐B and rPRV‐ΔTK‐eGFP‐ΔgI/gE‐GP3‐GP5‐mCHERRY‐B. These strains were found to enhance NADC30‐like PRRSV and PRV‐specific immune responses in piglets, reduce pathological damage, and accelerate symptom resolution. In general, PRV is a promising viral vector for expressing PRRSV genes, and the data from this study provides references for new candidate vaccines against PRRSV.